G4QGSParticipants.cc

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#include <utility>
 
#include "G4QGSParticipants.hh"
#include "globals.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
#include "G4LorentzVector.hh"
#include "G4V3DNucleus.hh" 
#include "G4ParticleTable.hh"
#include "G4IonTable.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
 
#include "G4Exp.hh"
#include "G4Log.hh"
#include "G4Pow.hh"
 
//#define debugQGSParticipants
//#define debugPutOnMassShell
 
// Class G4QGSParticipants 
 
// Promoting model parameters from local variables class properties
G4ThreadLocal G4int G4QGSParticipants_NPart = 0;
 
G4QGSParticipants::G4QGSParticipants()
  : theDiffExcitaton(), ModelMode(SOFT), nCutMax(7),
    ThresholdParameter(0.0*GeV), QGSMThreshold(3.0*GeV),
    theNucleonRadius(1.5*fermi), theCurrentVelocity(G4ThreeVector()),
    theProjectileSplitable(nullptr), Regge(nullptr),
    InteractionMode(ALL), alpha(-0.5), beta(2.5), sigmaPt(0.0),
    NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget(0), NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile(0),
    ProjectileResidual4Momentum(G4LorentzVector()), ProjectileResidualMassNumber(0),
    ProjectileResidualCharge(0), ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy(0.0),
    TargetResidual4Momentum(G4LorentzVector()), TargetResidualMassNumber(0),
    TargetResidualCharge(0), TargetResidualExcitationEnergy(0.0),
    CofNuclearDestruction(0.0), R2ofNuclearDestruction(0.0),
    ExcitationEnergyPerWoundedNucleon(0.0), DofNuclearDestruction(0.0),
    Pt2ofNuclearDestruction(0.0), MaxPt2ofNuclearDestruction(0.0)
{
  for (size_t i=0; i < 250; ++i) {
    TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[i] = nullptr;
    TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile[i] = nullptr;
  }
  // Parameters setting
  SetCofNuclearDestruction( 1.0 );
  SetR2ofNuclearDestruction( 1.5*fermi*fermi );
  SetDofNuclearDestruction( 0.3 );
  SetPt2ofNuclearDestruction( 0.075*GeV*GeV );
  SetMaxPt2ofNuclearDestruction( 1.0*GeV*GeV );
  SetExcitationEnergyPerWoundedNucleon( 40.0*MeV );
 
  sigmaPt=0.25*sqr(GeV);
}
G4QGSParticipants::G4QGSParticipants() {…}
 
G4QGSParticipants::G4QGSParticipants(const G4QGSParticipants &right)
  : G4VParticipants(), ModelMode(right.ModelMode), nCutMax(right.nCutMax),
    ThresholdParameter(right.ThresholdParameter),
    QGSMThreshold(right.QGSMThreshold),
    theNucleonRadius(right.theNucleonRadius),
    theCurrentVelocity(right.theCurrentVelocity),
    theProjectileSplitable(right.theProjectileSplitable),
    Regge(right.Regge), InteractionMode(right.InteractionMode),
    alpha(right.alpha), beta(right.beta), sigmaPt(right.sigmaPt),
    NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget(right.NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget),
    NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile(right.NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile),
    ProjectileResidual4Momentum(right.ProjectileResidual4Momentum),
    ProjectileResidualMassNumber(right.ProjectileResidualMassNumber),
    ProjectileResidualCharge(right.ProjectileResidualCharge),
    ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy(right.ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy),
    TargetResidual4Momentum(right.TargetResidual4Momentum),
    TargetResidualMassNumber(right.TargetResidualMassNumber),
    TargetResidualCharge(right.TargetResidualCharge),
    TargetResidualExcitationEnergy(right.TargetResidualExcitationEnergy),
    CofNuclearDestruction(right.CofNuclearDestruction),
    R2ofNuclearDestruction(right.R2ofNuclearDestruction),
    ExcitationEnergyPerWoundedNucleon(right.ExcitationEnergyPerWoundedNucleon),
    DofNuclearDestruction(right.DofNuclearDestruction),
    Pt2ofNuclearDestruction(right.Pt2ofNuclearDestruction),
    MaxPt2ofNuclearDestruction(right.MaxPt2ofNuclearDestruction)
{
  for (size_t i=0; i < 250; ++i) {
    TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[i] = right.TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[i];
    TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile[i] = right.TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile[i];
  }
}
G4QGSParticipants::G4QGSParticipants(const G4QGSParticipants &right) {…}
 
G4QGSParticipants::~G4QGSParticipants() {}
 
void G4QGSParticipants::BuildInteractions(const G4ReactionProduct  &thePrimary) 
{
  theProjectile = thePrimary;
 
  Regge = new G4Reggeons(theProjectile.GetDefinition());
 
  SetProjectileNucleus( 0 );
 
  NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile= 0;
  G4LorentzVector tmp( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
  ProjectileResidualMassNumber       = 0;
  ProjectileResidualCharge           = 0;
  ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
  ProjectileResidual4Momentum        = tmp;
 
  NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget= 0;
  TargetResidualMassNumber       = theNucleus->GetMassNumber();
  TargetResidualCharge           = theNucleus->GetCharge();
  TargetResidualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
 
  theNucleus->StartLoop();
  G4Nucleon* NuclearNucleon;
  while ( ( NuclearNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {  
    tmp+=NuclearNucleon->Get4Momentum();
  } 
  TargetResidual4Momentum        = tmp;
 
  if ( std::abs( theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetBaryonNumber() ) <= 1 ) { 
    // Projectile is a hadron : meson or baryon
    ProjectileResidualMassNumber = std::abs( theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetBaryonNumber() );
    ProjectileResidualCharge = G4int( theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge() );
    ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
    ProjectileResidual4Momentum.setVect( theProjectile.GetMomentum() );
    ProjectileResidual4Momentum.setE( theProjectile.GetTotalEnergy() );
  } 
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout <<G4endl<< "G4QGSParticipants::BuildInteractions---------" << G4endl
           << "thePrimary " << thePrimary.GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<" "
           <<ProjectileResidual4Momentum<<G4endl;
    G4cout << "Target A and Z  " << theNucleus->GetMassNumber() <<" "<<theNucleus->GetCharge()<<" "
           << TargetResidual4Momentum<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  G4bool Success( true );
 
  const G4int maxNumberOfLoops = 1000;
  G4int loopCounter = 0;
  do
  {
    const G4int maxNumberOfInternalLoops = 1000;
    G4int internalLoopCounter = 0;
    do
    {
      if(std::abs(theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetPDGEncoding()) < 100.0) 
      {
        SelectInteractions(theProjectile);  // for lepton projectile
      }
      else
      {
        GetList( theProjectile );  // Get list of participating nucleons for hadron projectile
      }
 
      if ( theInteractions.size() == 0 ) return;
 
      StoreInvolvedNucleon();       // Store participating nucleon
 
      ReggeonCascade();             // Make reggeon cascading. Involve nucleons in the cascading.
 
      Success = PutOnMassShell();   // Ascribe momenta to the involved and participating nucleons
 
      if(!Success) PrepareInitialState( thePrimary );
 
    } while( (!Success) && ++internalLoopCounter < maxNumberOfInternalLoops );
 
    if ( internalLoopCounter >= maxNumberOfInternalLoops ) {
      Success = false;
    }
   
    if ( Success ) {
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<G4endl<<"PerformDiffractiveCollisions(); if they happend." <<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      PerformDiffractiveCollisions();
 
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<G4endl<<"SplitHadrons();" <<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      SplitHadrons(); 
 
      if( theProjectileSplitable && theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus() == 0) {
        #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
          G4cout<<"Perform non-Diffractive Collisions if they happend. Determine Parton Momenta and so on." <<G4endl;
        #endif 
        Success = DeterminePartonMomenta(); 
      }
 
      if(!Success) PrepareInitialState( thePrimary );
    }
  } while( (!Success) && ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops );
 
  if ( loopCounter >= maxNumberOfLoops ) {
    Success = false;
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"NOT Successful ======" <<G4endl;
    #endif
  }
 
  if ( Success ) {
    CreateStrings();  // To create strings
 
    GetResiduals();   // To calculate residual nucleus properties
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"All O.K. ======" <<G4endl;
    #endif
  }
 
  // clean-up, if necessary
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Clearing "<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"theInteractions.size() "<<theInteractions.size()<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if( Regge ) delete Regge;
 
  std::for_each( theInteractions.begin(), theInteractions.end(), DeleteInteractionContent() );
  theInteractions.clear();
 
  // Erasing of target involved nucleons.
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Erasing of involved target nucleons "<<NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if ( NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget != 0 ) {
     for ( G4int i = 0; i < NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget; i++ ) {
      G4VSplitableHadron* aNucleon = TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[i]->GetSplitableHadron();
      if ( (aNucleon != 0 ) && (aNucleon->GetStatus() >= 1) ) delete aNucleon;
     }
  }
 
  // Erasing of projectile involved nucleons.
  if ( NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile != 0 ) {
     for ( G4int i = 0; i < NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile; i++ ) {
       G4VSplitableHadron* aNucleon = TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile[i]->GetSplitableHadron();
       if ( aNucleon ) delete aNucleon;
     }
  }
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Delition of target nucleons from soft interactions "<<theTargets.size()
          <<G4endl<<G4endl;
  #endif
  std::for_each(theTargets.begin(), theTargets.end(), DeleteSplitableHadron());
  theTargets.clear();
 
  if ( theProjectileSplitable ) {
    delete theProjectileSplitable;
    theProjectileSplitable = 0;
  }
}
void G4QGSParticipants::BuildInteractions(const G4ReactionProduct  &thePrimary)  {…}
 
//===========================================================
void G4QGSParticipants::PrepareInitialState( const G4ReactionProduct& thePrimary ) 
{
  // Clearing of the arrays
  // Erasing of the projectile
  G4InteractionContent* anIniteraction = theInteractions[0];
  G4VSplitableHadron* pProjectile = anIniteraction->GetProjectile();
  if( pProjectile ) delete pProjectile;
 
  std::for_each(theInteractions.begin(), theInteractions.end(), DeleteInteractionContent());
  theInteractions.clear();
 
  // Erasing of the envolved nucleons and target nucleons from diffraction dissociations
  theNucleus->StartLoop();
  G4Nucleon* aNucleon;
  while ( ( aNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) 
  {
    if ( aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) {
      G4VSplitableHadron* splaNucleon = aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron();
      if ( (splaNucleon != 0) && (splaNucleon->GetStatus() >=1) ) delete splaNucleon;
      aNucleon->Hit(nullptr);
      NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget--;
    } 
  }
 
  // Erasing of nuclear nucleons participated in soft interactions
  std::for_each(theTargets.begin(), theTargets.end(), DeleteSplitableHadron());
  theTargets.clear();
 
  // Preparation to a new attempt
  theProjectile = thePrimary;
 
  theNucleus->Init(theNucleus->GetMassNumber(), theNucleus->GetCharge());
  theNucleus->SortNucleonsIncZ();       
  DoLorentzBoost(-theCurrentVelocity);  // Lorentz boost of the target nucleus
 
  if (theNucleus->GetMassNumber() == 1)
  {
    G4ThreeVector aPos = G4ThreeVector(0.,0.,0.);
    theNucleus->StartLoop();
    G4Nucleon* tNucleon=theNucleus->GetNextNucleon();
    tNucleon->SetPosition(aPos);
  }
 
  G4LorentzVector Tmp( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
  NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget= 0;
  TargetResidualMassNumber       = theNucleus->GetMassNumber();
  TargetResidualCharge           = theNucleus->GetCharge();
  TargetResidualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
 
  G4Nucleon* NuclearNucleon;
  while ( ( NuclearNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) )
              {Tmp+=NuclearNucleon->Get4Momentum();} 
 
  TargetResidual4Momentum = Tmp;
}
 
//===========================================================
void G4QGSParticipants::GetList( const G4ReactionProduct& thePrimary ) { 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<G4endl<<"G4QGSParticipants::GetList +++++++++++++"<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  // Direction: True - Proj, False - Target
  theProjectileSplitable = new G4QGSMSplitableHadron(thePrimary, TRUE);
  theProjectileSplitable->SetStatus(1);
 
  G4LorentzVector aPrimaryMomentum(thePrimary.GetMomentum(), thePrimary.GetTotalEnergy());
  G4LorentzVector aNucleonMomentum(0.,0.,0., 938.0*MeV);
 
  G4double SS=(aPrimaryMomentum + aNucleonMomentum).mag2();
 
  Regge->SetS(SS);
 
  //--------------------------------------
  theNucleus->StartLoop();
  G4Nucleon * tNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon();
 
  if ( ! tNucleon ) {
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << "QGSM - BAD situation: pNucleon is NULL ! Leaving immediately!" << G4endl;
    #endif
    return;
  }
 
  G4double theNucleusOuterR = theNucleus->GetOuterRadius();
 
  if (theNucleus->GetMassNumber() == 1)
  {
    G4ThreeVector aPos = G4ThreeVector(0.,0.,0.);
    tNucleon->SetPosition(aPos);
    theNucleusOuterR = 0.;
  }
 
  // Determination of participating nucleons of nucleus ------------------------------------
 
  std::for_each(theInteractions.begin(), theInteractions.end(), DeleteInteractionContent());
  theInteractions.clear();
 
  G4int MaxPower=thePrimary.GetMomentum().mag()/(3.3*GeV); if(MaxPower < 1) MaxPower=1;
 
  const G4int maxNumberOfLoops = 1000;
 
  G4int NumberOfTries = 0;
  G4double Scale = 1.0;
 
  G4int loopCounter = -1;
  while( (theInteractions.size() == 0) && ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops )
  {
    InteractionMode = ALL;  // Mode = ALL, WITHOUT_R, NON_DIFF
 
    // choose random impact parameter of a collision
    std::pair<G4double, G4double> theImpactParameter;
 
    NumberOfTries++;
    if( NumberOfTries == 100*(NumberOfTries/100) ) Scale /=2.0;
 
    theImpactParameter = theNucleus->ChooseImpactXandY(theNucleusOuterR/Scale + theNucleonRadius);
    G4double impactX = theImpactParameter.first;
    G4double impactY = theImpactParameter.second;
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"InteractionMode "<<InteractionMode<<G4endl;
      G4cout<<"Impact parameter (fm ) "<<std::sqrt(sqr(impactX)+sqr(impactY))/fermi<<" "<<G4endl;
      G4int nucleonCount = -1;
    #endif
 
    // loop over nucleons to find collisions
    theNucleus->StartLoop();
    G4QGSParticipants_NPart = 0;
 
    G4double Power=MaxPower;
 
    while( (tNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon()) )
    {
      if(Power <= 0.) break;
 
      G4LorentzVector nucleonMomentum=tNucleon->Get4Momentum();
 
      G4double Distance2 = sqr(impactX - tNucleon->GetPosition().x()) + 
                           sqr(impactY - tNucleon->GetPosition().y());
 
      G4double Pint(0.);                    // A probability of interaction at given impact parameter 
      G4double Pprd(0.), Ptrd(0.), Pdd(0.); // Probabilities of Proj. diffr., Target diffr., Double diffr. 
      G4double Pnd (0.), Pnvr(0.);          // Probabilities of non-diffr. and quark exchange  
      G4int    NcutPomerons(0);             // Number of cutted pomerons
 
      Regge->GetProbabilities(std::sqrt(Distance2), InteractionMode,
                  Pint, Pprd, Ptrd, Pdd, Pnd, Pnvr);
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        nucleonCount++;
        G4cout<<"Nucleon & its impact parameter: "<<nucleonCount<<" "<<std::sqrt(Distance2)/fermi<<" (fm)"<<G4endl;
        G4cout<<"Probability of interaction:     "<<Pint<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"Probability of PrD, TrD, DD:    "<<Pprd<<" "<<Ptrd<<" "<<Pdd<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"Probability of NonDiff, QuarkExc.: "<<Pnd<<" "<<Pnvr<<" in inel. inter."<<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      if (Pint > G4UniformRand())
      {                             // An interaction is happend.
 
        G4double rndNumber = G4UniformRand();
        G4int InteractionType(0);
 
        if((InteractionMode==ALL)||(InteractionMode==WITHOUT_R))     // Mode = ALL, WITHOUT_R, NON_DIFF 
        {
      if(      rndNumber < Pprd )              {InteractionType = PrD;  InteractionMode = WITHOUT_R;}
      else if( rndNumber < Pprd+Ptrd)          {InteractionType = TrD;  InteractionMode = WITHOUT_R;}
      else if( rndNumber < Pprd+Ptrd+Pdd)      {InteractionType = DD;   InteractionMode = WITHOUT_R;}
      else if( rndNumber < Pprd+Ptrd+Pdd+Pnd ) {InteractionType = NonD; InteractionMode = NON_DIFF;
                            NcutPomerons =  Regge->ncPomerons();                }
      else                                 {InteractionType = Qexc; InteractionMode = ALL;      }
        }
        else  // InteractionMode == NON_DIFF
        {
          InteractionMode = NON_DIFF;
      if( rndNumber < Ptrd )           {InteractionType = TrD; }
      else if( rndNumber < Ptrd + Pnd) {InteractionType = NonD;  NcutPomerons =  Regge->ncPomerons();}
        }
 
        if( (InteractionType == NonD) && (NcutPomerons == 0)) continue; 
 
        G4QGSParticipants_NPart ++;
        G4QGSMSplitableHadron* aTargetSPB = new G4QGSMSplitableHadron(*tNucleon);
        tNucleon->Hit(aTargetSPB);
 
        #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
          G4cout<<"An interaction is happend."<<G4endl;
          G4cout<<"Target nucleon - "<<nucleonCount<<" "
                <<tNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
          G4cout<<"Interaction type:"<<InteractionType
                <<" (0 -PrD, 1 - TrD, 2 - DD, 3 - NonD, 4 - Qexc)"<<G4endl;
          G4cout<<"New Inter.  mode:"<<InteractionMode
                <<" (0 -ALL, 1 - WITHOUT_R, 2 - NON_DIFF)"<<G4endl;
          if( InteractionType == NonD )
            G4cout<<"Number of cutted pomerons: "<<NcutPomerons<<G4endl;
        #endif
 
        if((InteractionType == PrD) || (InteractionType == TrD) || (InteractionType == DD) ||
       (InteractionType == Qexc))
        {                                  // diffractive-like interaction occurs
          #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
            G4cout<<"Diffractive-like interaction occurs"<<G4endl;
          #endif
 
          G4InteractionContent * aInteraction = new G4InteractionContent(theProjectileSplitable);
          theProjectileSplitable->SetStatus(1*theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus());
 
          aInteraction->SetTarget(aTargetSPB);
          aInteraction->SetTargetNucleon(tNucleon);
          aTargetSPB->SetCollisionCount(0);
          aTargetSPB->SetStatus(1);
 
          aInteraction->SetNumberOfDiffractiveCollisions(1);
          aInteraction->SetNumberOfSoftCollisions(0);
          aInteraction->SetStatus(InteractionType);
          theInteractions.push_back(aInteraction);
        }
        else
        {                               // nondiffractive interaction occurs
          #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
            G4cout<<"Non-diffractive interaction occurs, max NcutPomerons "<<NcutPomerons<<G4endl;
          #endif
 
      G4int nCuts;
 
          G4int Vncut=0; 
      for(nCuts = 0; nCuts < NcutPomerons; nCuts++) 
      {       
        if( G4UniformRand() < Power/MaxPower ){Vncut++; Power--; if(Power <= 0.) break;}
      }
          nCuts=Vncut;
 
      if( nCuts == 0 ) {delete aTargetSPB; tNucleon->Hit(nullptr); continue;} 
 
          #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
            G4cout<<"Number of cuts in the interaction "<<nCuts<<G4endl;
          #endif
 
      aTargetSPB->IncrementCollisionCount(nCuts);
          aTargetSPB->SetStatus(0);
          theTargets.push_back(aTargetSPB);
 
      theProjectileSplitable->IncrementCollisionCount(nCuts);
          theProjectileSplitable->SetStatus(0*theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus());
 
      G4InteractionContent * aInteraction = new G4InteractionContent(theProjectileSplitable);
      aInteraction->SetTarget(aTargetSPB);
          aInteraction->SetTargetNucleon(tNucleon);
      aInteraction->SetNumberOfSoftCollisions(nCuts);
          aInteraction->SetStatus(InteractionType);
      theInteractions.push_back(aInteraction);
        }
      }    // End of if (Pint > G4UniformRand())
    }     // End of while( (tNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon()) )
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << G4endl<<"Number of wounded nucleons "<<G4QGSParticipants_NPart<<G4endl;
    #endif
 
  }  // End of while( (theInteractions.size() == 0) && ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops )
 
  if ( loopCounter >= maxNumberOfLoops ) {
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout <<"BAD situation: forced loop exit!" << G4endl;
    #endif
    // Perhaps there is something to set here...
    // Decrease impact parameter ??
    // Select collisions with only diffraction ??
    // Selecy only non-diffractive interactions ??
  }
  //------------------------------------------------------------
  std::vector<G4InteractionContent*>::iterator i;
 
  if( theInteractions.size() != 0)
  {
    if( InteractionMode == ALL )  // It can be if all interactions were quark-exchange. 
    {                             // Only the first one will be saved, all other will be erased.
      i = theInteractions.end()-1;
 
      while ( theInteractions.size() != 1 )  
      {
        G4InteractionContent* anInteraction = *i;
        G4Nucleon * pNucleon = anInteraction->GetTargetNucleon(); pNucleon->Hit(nullptr);
        delete anInteraction->GetTarget();
    delete *i;
    i=theInteractions.erase(i);
    i--;
      }
    }
    else
    {                             // All quark exchanges will be erased
      i = theInteractions.begin();
      while ( i != theInteractions.end() )  
      {
        G4InteractionContent* anInteraction = *i;
 
        if( anInteraction->GetStatus() == Qexc )
        {
          G4Nucleon*        aTargetNucleon = anInteraction->GetTargetNucleon();
      aTargetNucleon->Hit(nullptr);
 
          delete anInteraction->GetTarget();
      delete *i;
      i=theInteractions.erase(i);
        }
        else
        {
          i++;
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
 
//=============================================================
void G4QGSParticipants::StoreInvolvedNucleon() 
{ //To store nucleons involved in the interaction
 
  NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget = 0;
 
  theNucleus->StartLoop();
 
  G4Nucleon* aNucleon;
  while ( ( aNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {
    if ( aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) {
      TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget] = aNucleon;
      NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget++;
    }
  }
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << G4endl<<"G4QGSParticipants::StoreInvolvedNucleon() if they were "<<G4endl
           <<"Stored # of wounded nucleons of target "
           << NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget <<G4endl;
  #endif
  return;
}                        
 
//=============================================================
 
void G4QGSParticipants::ReggeonCascade() 
{ // Implementation of the reggeon theory inspired model of nuclear destruction 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << G4endl<<"Reggeon cascading ........."<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"C of nucl. desctruction "<<GetCofNuclearDestruction()
          <<" R2 "<<GetR2ofNuclearDestruction()/fermi/fermi<<" fermi^2"<<G4endl; 
  #endif
 
  G4int InitNINt = NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget;
 
  // Reggeon cascading in target nucleus
  for ( G4int InvTN = 0; InvTN < InitNINt; InvTN++ ) { 
    G4Nucleon* aTargetNucleon = TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[ InvTN ];
 
    G4double CreationTime = aTargetNucleon->GetSplitableHadron()->GetTimeOfCreation();
 
    G4double XofWoundedNucleon = aTargetNucleon->GetPosition().x();
    G4double YofWoundedNucleon = aTargetNucleon->GetPosition().y();
           
    G4V3DNucleus* theTargetNucleus = theNucleus;
    theTargetNucleus->StartLoop();
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4int TrgNuc=0;
    #endif
    G4Nucleon* Neighbour(0);
    while ( ( Neighbour = theTargetNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        TrgNuc++;
      #endif
      if ( ! Neighbour->AreYouHit() ) {
        G4double impact2 = sqr( XofWoundedNucleon - Neighbour->GetPosition().x() ) +
                           sqr( YofWoundedNucleon - Neighbour->GetPosition().y() );
 
        if ( G4UniformRand() < GetCofNuclearDestruction() *
                               G4Exp( -impact2 / GetR2ofNuclearDestruction() )
           ) {  
          // The neighbour nucleon is involved in the reggeon cascade
          #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
            G4cout<<"Target nucleon involved in reggeon cascading No "<<TrgNuc<<" "
                  <<Neighbour->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
          #endif
          TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[ NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget ] = Neighbour;
          NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget++;
 
          G4QGSMSplitableHadron* targetSplitable = new G4QGSMSplitableHadron( *Neighbour ); 
 
          Neighbour->Hit( targetSplitable );
          targetSplitable->SetTimeOfCreation( CreationTime ); 
          targetSplitable->SetStatus( 2 );
          targetSplitable->SetCollisionCount(0);
 
          G4InteractionContent * anInteraction = new G4InteractionContent(theProjectileSplitable);
          anInteraction->SetTarget(targetSplitable);
          anInteraction->SetTargetNucleon(Neighbour);
 
          anInteraction->SetNumberOfDiffractiveCollisions(1);
          anInteraction->SetNumberOfSoftCollisions(0);
          anInteraction->SetStatus(3);
          theInteractions.push_back(anInteraction);
        }
      }
    }
  }
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout <<"Number of new involved nucleons "<<NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget - InitNINt<<G4endl;
  #endif
  return;
}   
 
//============================================================================
 
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::PutOnMassShell() {
 
  G4bool isProjectileNucleus = false;
  if ( GetProjectileNucleus() ) {
    isProjectileNucleus = true;
  }
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout <<G4endl<< "PutOnMassShell start ..............." << G4endl;
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {G4cout << "PutOnMassShell for Nucleus_Nucleus " << G4endl;}
  #endif
 
  G4LorentzVector Pprojectile( theProjectile.GetMomentum(), theProjectile.GetTotalEnergy() );
  if ( Pprojectile.z() < 0.0 ) {
    return false;
  }
 
  G4bool isOk = true;
  
  G4LorentzVector Ptarget( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
  G4LorentzVector PtargetResidual( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
  G4double SumMasses = 0.0;
  G4V3DNucleus* theTargetNucleus = GetTargetNucleus();
  G4double TargetResidualMass = 0.0; 
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout << "Target : ";
  #endif
 
  isOk = ComputeNucleusProperties( theTargetNucleus, Ptarget, PtargetResidual, SumMasses,
                                   TargetResidualExcitationEnergy, TargetResidualMass,
                                   TargetResidualMassNumber, TargetResidualCharge );
 
  if ( ! isOk ) return false;
 
  G4double Mprojectile  = 0.0;
  G4double M2projectile = 0.0;
  G4LorentzVector Pproj( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
  G4LorentzVector PprojResidual( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
  G4V3DNucleus* thePrNucleus = GetProjectileNucleus();
  G4double PrResidualMass = 0.0;
 
  if ( ! isProjectileNucleus ) {  // hadron-nucleus collision
    Mprojectile  = Pprojectile.mag();
    M2projectile = Pprojectile.mag2();
    SumMasses += Mprojectile + 20.0*MeV;                          // Maybe DM must be larger?
  } else {  // nucleus-nucleus or antinucleus-nucleus collision
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "Projectile : ";
    #endif
 
    isOk = ComputeNucleusProperties( thePrNucleus, Pproj, PprojResidual, SumMasses,
                                     ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy, PrResidualMass,
                                     ProjectileResidualMassNumber, ProjectileResidualCharge );
    if ( ! isOk ) return false;
  }
 
  G4LorentzVector Psum = Pprojectile + Ptarget;   
  G4double SqrtS = Psum.mag();
  G4double     S = Psum.mag2();
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout << "Pproj "<<Pprojectile<<G4endl;
    G4cout << "Ptarg "<<Ptarget<<G4endl;
    G4cout << "Psum " << Psum/GeV << " GeV" << G4endl << "SqrtS " << SqrtS/GeV << " GeV" << G4endl
           << "SumMasses, PrResidualMass and TargetResidualMass " << SumMasses/GeV << " " 
           << PrResidualMass/GeV << " " << TargetResidualMass/GeV << " GeV" << G4endl;
    G4cout << "Ptar res. "<<PtargetResidual<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if ( SqrtS < SumMasses ) {
    return false;  // It is impossible to simulate after putting nuclear nucleons on mass-shell.
  }
 
  // Try to consider also the excitation energy of the residual nucleus, if this is
  // possible, with the available energy; otherwise, set the excitation energy to zero.
 
  G4double savedSumMasses = SumMasses;
  if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
    SumMasses -= std::sqrt( sqr( PrResidualMass ) + PprojResidual.perp2() );
    SumMasses += std::sqrt( sqr( PrResidualMass + ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy ) 
                            + PprojResidual.perp2() ); 
  }
  SumMasses -= std::sqrt( sqr( TargetResidualMass ) + PtargetResidual.perp2() );
  SumMasses += std::sqrt( sqr( TargetResidualMass + TargetResidualExcitationEnergy )
                          + PtargetResidual.perp2() );
 
  if ( SqrtS < SumMasses ) {
    SumMasses = savedSumMasses;
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
      ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
    }
    TargetResidualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
  }
 
  TargetResidualMass += TargetResidualExcitationEnergy;
  if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
    PrResidualMass += ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy;
  }
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
      G4cout << "PrResidualMass ProjResidualExcitationEnergy " << PrResidualMass/GeV << " "
         << ProjectileResidualExcitationEnergy << " MeV" << G4endl;
    }
    G4cout << "TargetResidualMass TargetResidualExcitationEnergy " << TargetResidualMass/GeV << " GeV " 
           << TargetResidualExcitationEnergy << " MeV" << G4endl
           << "Sum masses " << SumMasses/GeV << G4endl;
  #endif
 
  // Sampling of nucleons what can transfer to delta-isobars
  if ( isProjectileNucleus  &&  thePrNucleus->GetMassNumber() != 1 ) {
    isOk = GenerateDeltaIsobar( SqrtS, NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile,
                                TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile, SumMasses );       
  }
  if ( theTargetNucleus->GetMassNumber() != 1 ) {
    isOk = isOk  &&
           GenerateDeltaIsobar( SqrtS, NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget,
                                TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget, SumMasses );
  }
  if ( ! isOk ) return false;
 
  // Now we know that it is kinematically possible to produce a final state made
  // of the involved nucleons (or corresponding delta-isobars) and a residual nucleus.
  // We have to sample the kinematical variables which will allow to define the 4-momenta
  // of the final state. The sampled kinematical variables refer to the center-of-mass frame.
  // Notice that the sampling of the transverse momentum corresponds to take into account
  // Fermi motion.
 
  // If target is nucleon - return ?
 
  G4LorentzRotation toCms( -1*Psum.boostVector() );
  G4LorentzVector Ptmp = toCms*Pprojectile;
  if ( Ptmp.pz() <= 0.0 ) {  // "String" moving backwards in c.m.s., abort collision!
    return false; 
  }
 
  G4LorentzRotation toLab( toCms.inverse() );
  
  G4double YprojectileNucleus = 0.0;
  if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
    Ptmp = toCms*Pproj;                      
    YprojectileNucleus = Ptmp.rapidity();
  }
  Ptmp = toCms*Ptarget;                      
  G4double YtargetNucleus = Ptmp.rapidity();
 
  // Ascribing of the involved nucleons Pt and Xminus
  G4double DcorP = 0.0;
  if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
    DcorP = GetDofNuclearDestruction() / thePrNucleus->GetMassNumber();
  }
  G4double DcorT       = GetDofNuclearDestruction() / theTargetNucleus->GetMassNumber();
  G4double AveragePt2  = GetPt2ofNuclearDestruction();
  G4double maxPtSquare = GetMaxPt2ofNuclearDestruction();
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
      G4cout << "Y projectileNucleus " << YprojectileNucleus << G4endl;
    }
    G4cout << "Y targetNucleus     " << YtargetNucleus << G4endl 
           << "Dcor " << GetDofNuclearDestruction()
           << " DcorP DcorT " << DcorP << " " << DcorT << " AveragePt2 " << AveragePt2 << G4endl;
  #endif
 
  G4double M2proj = M2projectile;  // Initialization needed only for hadron-nucleus collisions
  G4double WplusProjectile = 0.0;
  G4double M2target = 0.0;
  G4double WminusTarget = 0.0;
  G4int NumberOfTries = 0;
  G4double ScaleFactor = 1.0;
  G4bool OuterSuccess = true;
 
  const G4int maxNumberOfLoops = 1000;
  G4int loopCounter = 0;
  do {
    G4double sqrtM2proj = 0.0, sqrtM2target = 0.0;
    OuterSuccess = true;
    const G4int maxNumberOfTries = 1000;
    do {
      NumberOfTries++;
      if ( NumberOfTries == 100*(NumberOfTries/100) ) {
        // After many tries, it is convenient to reduce the values of DcorP, DcorT and
        // AveragePt2, so that the sampled momenta (respectively, pz, and pt) of the
    // involved nucleons (or corresponding delta-isomers) are smaller, and therefore
        // it is more likely to satisfy the momentum conservation.
        ScaleFactor /= 2.0;
        DcorP       *= ScaleFactor;
        DcorT       *= ScaleFactor;
        AveragePt2  *= ScaleFactor;
      }
      if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
        // Sampling of kinematical properties of projectile nucleons
        isOk = SamplingNucleonKinematics( AveragePt2, maxPtSquare, DcorP, 
                                          thePrNucleus, PprojResidual, 
                                          PrResidualMass, ProjectileResidualMassNumber,
                                          NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile, 
                                          TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile, M2proj );
      }
      // Sampling of kinematical properties of target nucleons
      isOk = isOk  &&
             SamplingNucleonKinematics( AveragePt2, maxPtSquare, DcorT, 
                                        theTargetNucleus, PtargetResidual, 
                                        TargetResidualMass, TargetResidualMassNumber,
                                        NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget, 
                                        TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget, M2target );
 
      if ( M2proj < 0.0 ) {
        if( M2proj < -0.000001 ) { 
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "Projectile " << theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()
         << "  Target (Z,A)=(" << theTargetNucleus->GetCharge() << "," << theTargetNucleus->GetMassNumber() 
           << ")  M2proj=" << M2proj << "  ->  sets it to 0.0 !" << G4endl;
      G4Exception( "G4QGSParticipants::PutOnMassShell(): negative projectile squared mass!",
               "HAD_QGSPARTICIPANTS_002", JustWarning, ed );
    }
        M2proj = 0.0;
      } 
      sqrtM2proj = std::sqrt( M2proj );
      if ( M2target < 0.0 ) {
        G4ExceptionDescription ed;
        ed << "Projectile " << theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()
           << "  Target (Z,A)=(" << theTargetNucleus->GetCharge() << "," << theTargetNucleus->GetMassNumber() 
           << ")  M2target=" << M2target << "  ->  sets it to 0.0 !" << G4endl;
        G4Exception( "G4QGSParticipants::PutOnMassShell(): negative target squared mass!",
                    "HAD_QGSPARTICIPANTS_003", JustWarning, ed );
        M2target = 0.0;
      };
      sqrtM2target = std::sqrt( M2target );
 
      #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
        G4cout << "SqrtS, Mp+Mt, Mp, Mt " << SqrtS/GeV << " " 
               << ( sqrtM2proj + sqrtM2target )/GeV << " "
               << sqrtM2proj/GeV << " " << sqrtM2target/GeV << G4endl;
      #endif
 
      if ( ! isOk ) return false;
    } while ( ( SqrtS < ( sqrtM2proj + sqrtM2target ) ) &&
              ++NumberOfTries < maxNumberOfTries );  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
    if ( NumberOfTries >= maxNumberOfTries ) {
      return false;
    }
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
      isOk = CheckKinematics( S, SqrtS, M2proj, M2target, YprojectileNucleus, true, 
                              NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile, 
                              TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile,
                              WminusTarget, WplusProjectile, OuterSuccess );
    }
    isOk = isOk  &&
           CheckKinematics( S, SqrtS, M2proj, M2target, YtargetNucleus, false, 
                            NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget, TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget,
                            WminusTarget, WplusProjectile, OuterSuccess );
    if ( ! isOk ) return false;
  } while ( ( ! OuterSuccess ) && 
            ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops );  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
  if ( loopCounter >= maxNumberOfLoops ) {
    return false;
  }
 
  // Now the sampling is completed, and we can determine the kinematics of the
  // whole system. This is done first in the center-of-mass frame, and then it is boosted
  // to the lab frame. The transverse momentum of the residual nucleus is determined as
  // the recoil of each hadron (nucleon or delta) which is emitted, i.e. in such a way
  // to conserve (by construction) the transverse momentum.
 
  if ( ! isProjectileNucleus ) {  // hadron-nucleus collision
 
    G4double Pzprojectile = WplusProjectile/2.0 - M2projectile/2.0/WplusProjectile;
    G4double Eprojectile  = WplusProjectile/2.0 + M2projectile/2.0/WplusProjectile;
    Pprojectile.setPz( Pzprojectile ); 
    Pprojectile.setE( Eprojectile );
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "Proj after in CMS " << Pprojectile/GeV <<" GeV"<< G4endl;
    #endif
 
    Pprojectile.transform( toLab );  
    theProjectile.SetMomentum( Pprojectile.vect() );
    theProjectile.SetTotalEnergy( Pprojectile.e() );
 
    if ( theProjectileSplitable ) theProjectileSplitable->Set4Momentum(Pprojectile);
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "Final proj. mom in Lab. " <<theProjectile.GetMomentum()/GeV<<" "
                                           <<theProjectile.GetTotalEnergy()/GeV<<" GeV"<<G4endl;
    #endif
 
  } else {  // nucleus-nucleus or antinucleus-nucleus collision
 
    isOk = FinalizeKinematics( WplusProjectile, true, toLab, PrResidualMass, 
                               ProjectileResidualMassNumber, NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile,
                               TheInvolvedNucleonsOfProjectile, ProjectileResidual4Momentum );
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "Projectile Residual4Momentum in CMS " << ProjectileResidual4Momentum/GeV <<" GeV"<< G4endl;
    #endif
 
    if ( ! isOk ) return false;
 
    ProjectileResidual4Momentum.transform( toLab );
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "Projectile Residual4Momentum in Lab " << ProjectileResidual4Momentum/GeV <<" GeV"<< G4endl;
    #endif
 
  }
 
  isOk = FinalizeKinematics( WminusTarget, false, toLab, TargetResidualMass, 
                             TargetResidualMassNumber, NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget,
                             TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget, TargetResidual4Momentum );
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout << "Target Residual4Momentum in CMS " << TargetResidual4Momentum/GeV << " GeV "<< G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if ( ! isOk ) return false;
 
  TargetResidual4Momentum.transform( toLab );
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout << "Target Residual4Momentum in Lab " << TargetResidual4Momentum/GeV << " GeV "<< G4endl;
  #endif
 
  return true;
 
}
 
//============================================================================
 
G4ThreeVector G4QGSParticipants::GaussianPt( G4double AveragePt2, G4double maxPtSquare ) const {
  //  @@ this method is used in FTFModel as well. Should go somewhere common!
 
  G4double Pt2( 0.0 ), Pt(0.0);
  if ( AveragePt2 > 0.0 ) {
    G4double x = maxPtSquare/AveragePt2;
    Pt2 = (x < 200) ?
      -AveragePt2 * G4Log( 1.0 + G4UniformRand() * ( G4Exp( -x ) -1.0 ) )
      : -AveragePt2 * G4Log( 1.0 - G4UniformRand() );
    Pt = std::sqrt( Pt2 );
  }
  G4double phi = G4UniformRand() * twopi;
 
  return G4ThreeVector( Pt*std::cos(phi), Pt*std::sin(phi), 0.0 );    
}
//============================================================================
 
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::
ComputeNucleusProperties( G4V3DNucleus* nucleus,               // input parameter 
                          G4LorentzVector& nucleusMomentum,    // input & output parameter
                          G4LorentzVector& residualMomentum,   // input & output parameter
                          G4double& sumMasses,                 // input & output parameter
                          G4double& residualExcitationEnergy,  // input & output parameter
                          G4double& residualMass,              // input & output parameter
                          G4int& residualMassNumber,           // input & output parameter
                          G4int& residualCharge ) {            // input & output parameter
 
  // This method, which is called only by PutOnMassShell, computes some nucleus properties for:
  // -  either the target nucleus (which is never an antinucleus): this for any kind
  //    of hadronic interaction (hadron-nucleus, nucleus-nucleus, antinucleus-nucleus);
  // -  or the projectile nucleus or antinucleus: this only in the case of nucleus-nucleus
  //    or antinucleus-nucleus interaction.
  // This method assumes that the all the parameters have been initialized by the caller;
  // the action of this method consists in modifying all these parameters, except the
  // first one. The return value is "false" only in the case the pointer to the nucleus
  // is null.
 
  if ( ! nucleus ) return false;
 
  G4double ExcitationEPerWoundedNucleon = GetExcitationEnergyPerWoundedNucleon();
 
  // Loop over the nucleons of the nucleus. 
  // The nucleons that have been involved in the interaction (either from Glauber or
  // Reggeon Cascading) will be candidate to be emitted.
  // All the remaining nucleons will be the nucleons of the candidate residual nucleus.
  // The variable sumMasses is the amount of energy corresponding to:
  //     1. transverse mass of each involved nucleon
  //     2. 20.0*MeV separation energy for each involved nucleon
  //     3. transverse mass of the residual nucleus
  // In this first evaluation of sumMasses, the excitation energy of the residual nucleus
  // (residualExcitationEnergy, estimated by adding a constant value to each involved
  // nucleon) is not taken into account.
  G4Nucleon* aNucleon = 0;
  nucleus->StartLoop();
  while ( ( aNucleon = nucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
    nucleusMomentum += aNucleon->Get4Momentum();
    if ( aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) {  // Involved nucleons
      // Consider in sumMasses the nominal, i.e. on-shell, masses of the nucleons
      // (not the current masses, which could be different because the nucleons are off-shell).
 
      sumMasses += std::sqrt( sqr( aNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass() ) 
                              +  aNucleon->Get4Momentum().perp2() );                     
      sumMasses += 20.0*MeV;  // Separation energy for a nucleon
 
      //residualExcitationEnergy += ExcitationEPerWoundedNucleon;
      residualExcitationEnergy += -ExcitationEPerWoundedNucleon*G4Log( G4UniformRand());
      residualMassNumber--;
      // The absolute value below is needed only in the case of anti-nucleus.
      residualCharge -= std::abs( G4int( aNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetPDGCharge() ) );
    } else {   // Spectator nucleons
      residualMomentum += aNucleon->Get4Momentum();
    }
  }
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout << "ExcitationEnergyPerWoundedNucleon " << ExcitationEPerWoundedNucleon <<" MeV"<<G4endl
           << "\t Residual Charge, MassNumber " << residualCharge << " " << residualMassNumber
           << G4endl << "\t Initial Momentum " << nucleusMomentum/GeV<<" GeV"
           << G4endl << "\t Residual Momentum   " << residualMomentum/GeV<<" GeV"<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  residualMomentum.setPz( 0.0 ); 
  residualMomentum.setE( 0.0 );
  if ( residualMassNumber == 0 ) {
    residualMass = 0.0;
    residualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
  } else {
    residualMass = G4ParticleTable::GetParticleTable()->GetIonTable()->
                     GetIonMass( residualCharge, residualMassNumber );
    if ( residualMassNumber == 1 ) {
      residualExcitationEnergy = 0.0;
    }
  }
  sumMasses += std::sqrt( sqr( residualMass ) + residualMomentum.perp2() );
  return true;
}
 
 
//============================================================================
 
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::
GenerateDeltaIsobar( const G4double sqrtS,                  // input parameter
                     const G4int numberOfInvolvedNucleons,  // input parameter
                     G4Nucleon* involvedNucleons[],         // input & output parameter
                     G4double& sumMasses ) {                // input & output parameter
 
  // This method, which is called only by PutOnMassShell, check whether is possible to
  // re-interpret some of the involved nucleons as delta-isobars:
  // - either by replacing a proton (2212) with a Delta+ (2214),
  // - or by replacing a neutron (2112) with a Delta0 (2114).
  // The on-shell mass of these delta-isobars is ~1232 MeV, so  ~292-294 MeV  heavier than
  // the corresponding nucleon on-shell mass. However  400.0*MeV  is considered to estimate
  // the max number of deltas compatible with the available energy.
  // The delta-isobars are considered with the same transverse momentum as their
  // corresponding nucleons.
  // This method assumes that all the parameters have been initialized by the caller;
  // the action of this method consists in modifying (eventually) involveNucleons and
  // sumMasses. The return value is "false" only in the case that the input parameters
  // have unphysical values.
 
  if ( sqrtS < 0.0  ||  numberOfInvolvedNucleons <= 0  ||  sumMasses < 0.0 ) return false;
 
  //const G4double ProbDeltaIsobar = 0.05;  // Uzhi 6.07.2012
  //const G4double ProbDeltaIsobar = 0.25;  // Uzhi 13.06.2013 
  const G4double probDeltaIsobar = 0.10;  // A.R. 07.08.2013
 
  G4int maxNumberOfDeltas = G4int( (sqrtS - sumMasses)/(400.0*MeV) );
  G4int numberOfDeltas = 0;
 
  for ( G4int i = 0; i < numberOfInvolvedNucleons; i++ ) {
    //G4cout << "i maxNumberOfDeltas probDeltaIsobar " << i << " " << maxNumberOfDeltas
    //       << " " << probDeltaIsobar << G4endl;
    if ( G4UniformRand() < probDeltaIsobar  &&  numberOfDeltas < maxNumberOfDeltas ) {
      numberOfDeltas++;
      if ( ! involvedNucleons[i] ) continue;
      G4VSplitableHadron* splitableHadron = involvedNucleons[i]->GetSplitableHadron();
      G4double massNuc = std::sqrt( sqr( splitableHadron->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass() )
                                    + splitableHadron->Get4Momentum().perp2() );
      //AR The absolute value below is needed in the case of an antinucleus. 
      G4int pdgCode = std::abs( splitableHadron->GetDefinition()->GetPDGEncoding() );
      const G4ParticleDefinition* old_def = splitableHadron->GetDefinition();
      G4int newPdgCode = pdgCode/10; newPdgCode = newPdgCode*10 + 4; // Delta
      if ( splitableHadron->GetDefinition()->GetPDGEncoding() < 0 ) newPdgCode *= -1;
      const G4ParticleDefinition* ptr = 
        G4ParticleTable::GetParticleTable()->FindParticle( newPdgCode );
      splitableHadron->SetDefinition( ptr );
      G4double massDelta = std::sqrt( sqr( splitableHadron->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass() )
                                      + splitableHadron->Get4Momentum().perp2() );
      //G4cout << i << " " << sqrtS/GeV << " " << sumMasses/GeV << " " << massDelta/GeV
      //       << " " << massNuc << G4endl;
      if ( sqrtS < sumMasses + massDelta - massNuc ) {  // Change cannot be accepted!
        splitableHadron->SetDefinition( old_def );
        break;
      } else {  // Change is accepted
        sumMasses += ( massDelta - massNuc );
      }
    } 
  }
  //G4cout << "maxNumberOfDeltas numberOfDeltas " << maxNumberOfDeltas << " " 
  //       << numberOfDeltas << G4endl;
  return true;
}
 
 
//============================================================================
 
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::
SamplingNucleonKinematics( G4double averagePt2,                   // input parameter
                           const G4double maxPt2,                 // input parameter
                           G4double dCor,                         // input parameter
                           G4V3DNucleus* nucleus,                 // input parameter
                           const G4LorentzVector& pResidual,      // input parameter
                           const G4double residualMass,           // input parameter
                           const G4int residualMassNumber,        // input parameter
                           const G4int numberOfInvolvedNucleons,  // input parameter 
                           G4Nucleon* involvedNucleons[],         // input & output parameter
                           G4double& mass2 ) {                    // output parameter
 
  // This method, which is called only by PutOnMassShell, does the sampling of:
  // -  either the target nucleons: this for any kind of hadronic interactions
  //    (hadron-nucleus, nucleus-nucleus, antinucleus-nucleus);
  // -  or the projectile nucleons or antinucleons: this only in the case of
  //    nucleus-nucleus or antinucleus-nucleus interactions, respectively.
  // This method assumes that all the parameters have been initialized by the caller;
  // the action of this method consists in changing the properties of the nucleons
  // whose pointers are in the vector involvedNucleons, as well as changing the
  // variable mass2.
 
  if ( ! nucleus ) return false;
 
  if ( residualMassNumber == 0  &&  numberOfInvolvedNucleons == 1 ) {
    dCor = 0.0; 
    averagePt2 = 0.0;
  } 
 
  G4bool success = true;                            
 
  G4double SumMasses = residualMass; 
  for ( G4int i = 0; i < numberOfInvolvedNucleons; i++ ) {
    G4Nucleon* aNucleon = involvedNucleons[i];
    if ( ! aNucleon ) continue;
    SumMasses += aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron()->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass();
  }
 
  const G4int maxNumberOfLoops = 1000;
  G4int loopCounter = 0;
  do {
 
    success = true;
    G4ThreeVector ptSum( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 );
    G4double xSum = 0.0;
 
    for ( G4int i = 0; i < numberOfInvolvedNucleons; i++ ) {
      G4Nucleon* aNucleon = involvedNucleons[i];
      if ( ! aNucleon ) continue;
      G4ThreeVector tmpPt = GaussianPt( averagePt2, maxPt2 );
      ptSum += tmpPt;
      G4ThreeVector tmpX = GaussianPt( dCor*dCor, 1.0 );
      G4double x = tmpX.x() +
                   aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron()->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass()/SumMasses;
      if ( x < 0.0  ||  x > 1.0 ) { 
        success = false; 
        break;
      }
      xSum += x;
      //AR The energy is in the lab (instead of cms) frame but it will not be used.
      G4LorentzVector tmp( tmpPt.x(), tmpPt.y(), x, aNucleon->Get4Momentum().e() );
      aNucleon->SetMomentum( tmp );
    }
 
    if ( xSum < 0.0  ||  xSum > 1.0 ) success = false;
 
    if ( ! success ) continue;
 
    G4double deltaPx = ( ptSum.x() - pResidual.x() ) / numberOfInvolvedNucleons;
    G4double deltaPy = ( ptSum.y() - pResidual.y() ) / numberOfInvolvedNucleons;
    G4double delta = 0.0;
    if ( residualMassNumber == 0 ) {
      delta = ( xSum - 1.0 ) / numberOfInvolvedNucleons;
    } else {
      delta = 0.0;
    }
 
    xSum = 1.0;
    mass2 = 0.0;
    for ( G4int i = 0; i < numberOfInvolvedNucleons; i++ ) {
      G4Nucleon* aNucleon = involvedNucleons[i];
      if ( ! aNucleon ) continue;
      G4double x = aNucleon->Get4Momentum().pz() - delta;
      xSum -= x;               
      if ( residualMassNumber == 0 ) {
        if ( x <= 0.0  ||  x > 1.0 ) {
          success = false; 
          break;
        }
      } else {
        if ( x <= 0.0  ||  x > 1.0  ||  xSum <= 0.0  ||  xSum > 1.0 ) {
          success = false; 
          break;
        }
      }                                          
      G4double px = aNucleon->Get4Momentum().px() - deltaPx;
      G4double py = aNucleon->Get4Momentum().py() - deltaPy;
      mass2 += ( sqr( aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron()->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass() )
                    + sqr( px ) + sqr( py ) ) / x;
      G4LorentzVector tmp( px, py, x, aNucleon->Get4Momentum().e() );
      aNucleon->SetMomentum( tmp );
    }
 
    if ( success  &&  residualMassNumber != 0 ) {
      mass2 += ( sqr( residualMass ) + pResidual.perp2() ) / xSum;
    }
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "success " << success << G4endl << " Mt " << std::sqrt( mass2 )/GeV << G4endl;
    #endif
 
  } while ( ( ! success ) && 
            ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops );  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
  if ( loopCounter >= maxNumberOfLoops ) {
    success = false;
  }
 
  return success;
}
 
 
//============================================================================
 
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::
CheckKinematics( const G4double sValue,                 // input parameter
                 const G4double sqrtS,                  // input parameter
                 const G4double projectileMass2,        // input parameter
                 const G4double targetMass2,            // input parameter
                 const G4double nucleusY,               // input parameter
                 const G4bool isProjectileNucleus,      // input parameter
                 const G4int numberOfInvolvedNucleons,  // input parameter 
                 G4Nucleon* involvedNucleons[],         // input parameter
                 G4double& targetWminus,                // output parameter
                 G4double& projectileWplus,             // output parameter
                 G4bool& success ) {                    // input & output parameter
 
  // This method, which is called only by PutOnMassShell, checks whether the
  // kinematics is acceptable or not.
  // This method assumes that all the parameters have been initialized by the caller;
  // notice that the input boolean parameter isProjectileNucleus is meant to be true
  // only in the case of nucleus or antinucleus projectile.
  // The action of this method consists in computing targetWminus and projectileWplus
  // and setting the parameter success to false in the case that the kinematics should
  // be rejeted.
 
  G4double decayMomentum2 = sqr( sValue ) + sqr( projectileMass2 ) + sqr( targetMass2 )
                            - 2.0*sValue*projectileMass2 - 2.0*sValue*targetMass2 
                            - 2.0*projectileMass2*targetMass2;
  targetWminus = ( sValue - projectileMass2 + targetMass2 + std::sqrt( decayMomentum2 ) )
                 / 2.0 / sqrtS;
  projectileWplus = sqrtS - targetMass2/targetWminus;
  G4double projectilePz = projectileWplus/2.0 - projectileMass2/2.0/projectileWplus;
  G4double projectileE  = projectileWplus/2.0 + projectileMass2/2.0/projectileWplus;
  G4double projectileY(1.0e5);
  if (projectileE - projectilePz > 0.) {
           projectileY  = 0.5 * G4Log( (projectileE + projectilePz)/
                                       (projectileE - projectilePz) );
  }
  G4double targetPz = -targetWminus/2.0 + targetMass2/2.0/targetWminus;
  G4double targetE  =  targetWminus/2.0 + targetMass2/2.0/targetWminus;
  G4double targetY  = 0.5 * G4Log( (targetE + targetPz)/(targetE - targetPz) );
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout << "decayMomentum2 " << decayMomentum2 << G4endl 
           << "\t targetWminus projectileWplus " << targetWminus << " " << projectileWplus << G4endl
           << "\t projectileY targetY " << projectileY << " " << targetY << G4endl;
  #endif
 
  for ( G4int i = 0; i < numberOfInvolvedNucleons; i++ ) {
    G4Nucleon* aNucleon = involvedNucleons[i];
    if ( ! aNucleon ) continue;
    G4LorentzVector tmp = aNucleon->Get4Momentum();
    G4double mt2 = sqr( tmp.x() ) + sqr( tmp.y() ) +
                   sqr( aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron()->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass() );
    G4double x = tmp.z();
    G4double pz = -targetWminus*x/2.0 + mt2/(2.0*targetWminus*x);
    G4double e =   targetWminus*x/2.0 + mt2/(2.0*targetWminus*x);
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) {
      pz = projectileWplus*x/2.0 - mt2/(2.0*projectileWplus*x);
      e =  projectileWplus*x/2.0 + mt2/(2.0*projectileWplus*x);
    }
    G4double nucleonY = 0.5 * G4Log( (e + pz)/(e - pz) ); 
 
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "i nY pY nY-AY AY " << i << " " << nucleonY << " " << projectileY <<G4endl;
    #endif
 
    if ( std::abs( nucleonY - nucleusY ) > 2  ||  
         ( isProjectileNucleus  &&  targetY > nucleonY )  ||
         ( ! isProjectileNucleus  &&  projectileY < nucleonY ) ) {
      success = false; 
      break;
    } 
  }
  return true;
}  
 
  
//============================================================================
 
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::
FinalizeKinematics( const G4double w,                            // input parameter
                    const G4bool isProjectileNucleus,            // input parameter
                    const G4LorentzRotation& boostFromCmsToLab,  // input parameter
                    const G4double residualMass,                 // input parameter
                    const G4int residualMassNumber,              // input parameter
                    const G4int numberOfInvolvedNucleons,        // input parameter 
                    G4Nucleon* involvedNucleons[],               // input & output parameter
                G4LorentzVector& residual4Momentum ) {       // output parameter
 
  // This method, which is called only by PutOnMassShell, finalizes the kinematics:
  // this method is called when we are sure that the sampling of the kinematics is
  // acceptable.
  // This method assumes that all the parameters have been initialized by the caller;
  // notice that the input boolean parameter isProjectileNucleus is meant to be true
  // only in the case of nucleus or antinucleus projectile: this information is needed
  // because the sign of pz (in the center-of-mass frame) in this case is opposite
  // with respect to the case of a normal hadron projectile.
  // The action of this method consists in modifying the momenta of the nucleons
  // (in the lab frame) and computing the residual 4-momentum (in the center-of-mass
  // frame).
 
  G4ThreeVector residual3Momentum( 0.0, 0.0, 1.0 );
 
  for ( G4int i = 0; i < numberOfInvolvedNucleons; i++ ) {
    G4Nucleon* aNucleon = involvedNucleons[i];
    if ( ! aNucleon ) continue;
    G4LorentzVector tmp = aNucleon->Get4Momentum();
    residual3Momentum -= tmp.vect();
    G4double mt2 = sqr( tmp.x() ) + sqr( tmp.y() ) +
                   sqr( aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron()->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass() );
    G4double x = tmp.z();
    G4double pz = -w * x / 2.0  +  mt2 / ( 2.0 * w * x );
    G4double e  =  w * x / 2.0  +  mt2 / ( 2.0 * w * x );
    // Reverse the sign of pz in the case of nucleus or antinucleus projectile
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) pz *= -1.0;
    tmp.setPz( pz ); 
    tmp.setE( e );
    tmp.transform( boostFromCmsToLab );
    aNucleon->SetMomentum( tmp );
    G4VSplitableHadron* splitableHadron = aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron();
    splitableHadron->Set4Momentum( tmp );
    #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
      G4cout << "Target involved nucleon No, name, 4Mom " 
            << i<<" "<<aNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<" "<<tmp<< G4endl;
    #endif
  }
 
  G4double residualMt2 = sqr( residualMass ) + sqr( residual3Momentum.x() )
                       + sqr( residual3Momentum.y() );
 
  #ifdef debugPutOnMassShell
    G4cout <<G4endl<< "w residual3Momentum.z() " << w << " " << residual3Momentum.z() << G4endl;
  #endif
 
  G4double residualPz = 0.0;
  G4double residualE  = 0.0;
  if ( residualMassNumber != 0 ) {
    residualPz = -w * residual3Momentum.z() / 2.0 + 
                  residualMt2 / ( 2.0 * w * residual3Momentum.z() );
    residualE  =  w * residual3Momentum.z() / 2.0 + 
                  residualMt2 / ( 2.0 * w * residual3Momentum.z() );
    // Reverse the sign of residualPz in the case of nucleus or antinucleus projectile
    if ( isProjectileNucleus ) residualPz *= -1.0;
  }
 
  residual4Momentum.setPx( residual3Momentum.x() );
  residual4Momentum.setPy( residual3Momentum.y() );
  residual4Momentum.setPz( residualPz ); 
  residual4Momentum.setE( residualE );
 
  return true;
}
 
//======================================================
void G4QGSParticipants::PerformDiffractiveCollisions()
{
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
   G4cout<<G4endl<<"PerformDiffractiveCollisions()......"<<G4endl
         <<"theInteractions.size() "<<theInteractions.size()<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  unsigned int i;
  for (i = 0; i < theInteractions.size(); i++)
  {
    G4InteractionContent* anIniteraction = theInteractions[i];
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Interaction # and its status "
            <<i<<" "<<theInteractions[i]->GetStatus()<<G4endl;
    #endif
 
    G4int InterStatus = theInteractions[i]->GetStatus(); 
    if ( (InterStatus == PrD) || (InterStatus == TrD) || (InterStatus == DD))
    {  // Selection of diffractive interactions
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"Simulation of diffractive interaction. "<<InterStatus <<" PrD/TrD/DD/ND/Qech - 0,1,2,3,4"<<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      G4VSplitableHadron* aTarget = anIniteraction->GetTarget();
 
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"The proj. before inter "
              <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
        G4cout<<"The targ. before inter " <<aTarget->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<aTarget->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      if ( InterStatus == PrD ) 
        theSingleDiffExcitation.ExciteParticipants(theProjectileSplitable, aTarget, TRUE); 
 
      if ( InterStatus == TrD ) 
        theSingleDiffExcitation.ExciteParticipants(theProjectileSplitable, aTarget, FALSE);
 
      if ( InterStatus == DD ) 
        theDiffExcitaton.ExciteParticipants(theProjectileSplitable, aTarget);
 
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"The proj. after  inter " <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"The targ. after  inter " <<aTarget->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<aTarget->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      #endif
    }
 
    if ( InterStatus == Qexc )
    {  // Quark exchange process
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"Simulation of interaction with quark exchange."<<G4endl;
      #endif
      G4VSplitableHadron* aTarget = anIniteraction->GetTarget();
 
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"The proj. before inter " <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
        G4cout<<"The targ. before inter "<<aTarget->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<aTarget->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      theQuarkExchange.ExciteParticipants(theProjectileSplitable, aTarget);
 
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"The proj. after  inter " <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"The targ. after  inter " <<aTarget->Get4Momentum()<<" "
              <<aTarget->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      #endif
    }
  }
}
void G4QGSParticipants::PerformDiffractiveCollisions() {…}
 
//======================================================
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::DeterminePartonMomenta()
{
  if ( ! theProjectileSplitable ) return false;
 
  const G4double aHugeValue = 1.0e+10;
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<G4endl<<"DeterminePartonMomenta()......"<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"theProjectile status (0 -nondiffr, #0 diffr./reggeon):  "<<theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus()<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if (theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus() != 0) {return false;} // There were only diffractive interactions.
 
  G4LorentzVector Projectile4Momentum  = theProjectileSplitable->Get4Momentum();
  G4LorentzVector Psum = Projectile4Momentum;
 
  G4double VqM_pr(0.), VaqM_pr(0.), VqM_tr(350.), VqqM_tr(700);
  if (std::abs(theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetBaryonNumber()) != 0) {VqM_pr=350*MeV; VaqM_pr=700*MeV;}
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Projectile 4 momentum "<<Psum<<G4endl
          <<"Target nucleon momenta at start"<<G4endl;
    G4int NuclNo=0;
  #endif
 
  std::vector<G4VSplitableHadron*>::iterator i;
 
  for (i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
  {
    Psum += (*i)->Get4Momentum();
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Nusleus nucleon # and its 4Mom. "<<NuclNo<<" "<<(*i)->Get4Momentum()<<G4endl;
      NuclNo++;
    #endif
  }
 
  G4LorentzRotation toCms( -1*Psum.boostVector() );
 
  G4LorentzVector Ptmp = toCms*Projectile4Momentum;
 
  toCms.rotateZ( -1*Ptmp.phi() );
  toCms.rotateY( -1*Ptmp.theta() );
  G4LorentzRotation toLab(toCms.inverse());
  Projectile4Momentum.transform( toCms );
  //  Ptarget.transform( toCms );
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<G4endl<<"In CMS---------------"<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"Projectile 4 Mom "<<Projectile4Momentum<<G4endl;
    NuclNo=0;
  #endif
 
  G4LorentzVector Target4Momentum(0.,0.,0.,0.);
  for(i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
  {
    G4LorentzVector tmp= (*i)->Get4Momentum();  tmp.transform( toCms );
    (*i)->Set4Momentum( tmp );
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Target nucleon # and 4Mom "<<" "<<NuclNo<<" "<<(*i)->Get4Momentum()<<G4endl;
      NuclNo++;
    #endif
    Target4Momentum += tmp;
  }
 
  G4double S     = Psum.mag2();
  G4double SqrtS = std::sqrt(S);
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Sum of target nucleons 4 momentum "<<Target4Momentum<<G4endl<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"Target nucleons mom: px, py, z_1, m_i"<<G4endl;
    NuclNo=0;
  #endif
 
  //G4double PplusProjectile = Projectile4Momentum.plus();
  G4double PminusTarget    = Target4Momentum.minus();
  
  for(i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
  {
    G4LorentzVector tmp = (*i)->Get4Momentum(); // tmp.boost(bstToCM);
 
    //AR-19Jan2017 : the following line is causing a strange crash when Geant4
    //               is built in optimized mode.
    //               To fix it, I get the mass square instead of directly the
    //               mass from the Lorentz vector, and then I take care of the
    //               square root. If the mass square is negative, a JustWarning
    //               exception is thrown, and the mass is set to 0.
    //G4double Mass = tmp.mag();
    G4double Mass2 = tmp.mag2();
    G4double Mass = 0.0;
    if ( Mass2 < 0.0 ) {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "Projectile " << theProjectile.GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()
         << "  4-momentum " << Psum << G4endl;
      ed << "LorentzVector tmp " << tmp << "  with Mass2 " << Mass2 << G4endl;
      G4Exception( "G4QGSParticipants::DeterminePartonMomenta(): 4-momentum with negative mass!",
                   "HAD_QGSPARTICIPANTS_001", JustWarning, ed );
    } else {
      Mass = std::sqrt( Mass2 );
    }
 
    tmp.setPz(tmp.minus()/PminusTarget);   tmp.setE(Mass);
    (*i)->Set4Momentum(tmp); 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Target nucleons # and mom: "<<NuclNo<<" "<<(*i)->Get4Momentum()<<G4endl;
      NuclNo++;
    #endif
  }
 
  //+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
  G4double SigPt = sigmaPt;
  G4Parton* aParton(0);
  G4ThreeVector aPtVector(0.,0.,0.);
  G4LorentzVector tmp(0.,0.,0.,0.);
 
  G4double Mt(0.);
  G4double ProjSumMt(0.), ProjSumMt2perX(0.);
  G4double TargSumMt(0.), TargSumMt2perX(0.);
 
 
  G4double aBeta = beta;   // Member of the class
 
  const G4ParticleDefinition* theProjectileDefinition = theProjectileSplitable->GetDefinition();
  if (theProjectileDefinition == G4PionMinus::PionMinusDefinition()) aBeta = 1.;
  if (theProjectileDefinition == G4Gamma::GammaDefinition())         aBeta = 1.;
  if (theProjectileDefinition == G4PionPlus::PionPlusDefinition())   aBeta = 1.;
  if (theProjectileDefinition == G4PionZero::PionZeroDefinition())   aBeta = 1.;
  if (theProjectileDefinition == G4KaonPlus::KaonPlusDefinition())   aBeta = 0.;
  if (theProjectileDefinition == G4KaonMinus::KaonMinusDefinition()) aBeta = 0.;
 
  G4double Xmin = 0.;
 
  G4bool Success = true;  G4int attempt = 0;
  const G4int maxNumberOfAttempts = 1000;
  do
  {
    attempt++;  if( attempt ==  100*(attempt/100) ) {SigPt/=2.;}
 
    ProjSumMt=0.; ProjSumMt2perX=0.;
    TargSumMt=0.; TargSumMt2perX=0.;
 
    Success = true;
    G4int nSeaPair = theProjectileSplitable->GetSoftCollisionCount()-1;
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"attempt ------------------------ "<<attempt<<G4endl;
      G4cout<<"nSeaPair of proj "<<nSeaPair<<G4endl;
    #endif
 
    G4double SumPx = 0.;
    G4double SumPy = 0.;
    G4double SumZ = 0.;
    G4int NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks = 2*nSeaPair;
 
    G4double Qmass=0.;
    for (G4int aSeaPair = 0; aSeaPair < nSeaPair; aSeaPair++)
    {
      aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"Sea quarks: "<<aSeaPair<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
      #endif
      aPtVector = GaussianPt(SigPt, aHugeValue);
      tmp.setPx(aPtVector.x()); tmp.setPy(aPtVector.y());
      SumPx += aPtVector.x();   SumPy += aPtVector.y();
      Mt = std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(Qmass));
      ProjSumMt += Mt; 
 
      // Sampling of Z fraction
      tmp.setPz(SampleX(Xmin, NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks, 2*nSeaPair, aBeta)*(1.0-SumZ)); 
      SumZ += tmp.z();
 
      NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks--;
      ProjSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
      tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
      aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
 
      aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextAntiParton();   // for anti-quarks
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
        G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<SumZ<<G4endl;
      #endif
      aPtVector = GaussianPt(SigPt, aHugeValue);
      tmp.setPx(aPtVector.x()); tmp.setPy(aPtVector.y());
      SumPx += aPtVector.x();   SumPy += aPtVector.y();
      Mt = std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(Qmass));
      ProjSumMt += Mt; 
 
      // Sampling of Z fraction
      tmp.setPz(SampleX(Xmin, NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks, 2*nSeaPair, aBeta)*(1.0-SumZ)); 
      SumZ += tmp.z();
 
      NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks--;
      ProjSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
      tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
      aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<SumZ<<G4endl;
      #endif
    } 
 
    // For valence quark
    aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Val quark of Pr"<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
    #endif
    aPtVector = GaussianPt(SigPt, aHugeValue);
    tmp.setPx(aPtVector.x()); tmp.setPy(aPtVector.y());
    SumPx += aPtVector.x();   SumPy += aPtVector.y();
    Mt = std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(VqM_pr));
    ProjSumMt += Mt;
 
    // Sampling of Z fraction
    tmp.setPz(SampleX(Xmin, NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks, 2*nSeaPair, aBeta)*(1.0-SumZ)); 
    SumZ += tmp.z();
 
    ProjSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
    tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
    aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
 
    // For valence di-quark
    aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextAntiParton();
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
      G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<SumZ<<" (z-fraction)"<<G4endl;
    #endif
    tmp.setPx(-SumPx); tmp.setPy(-SumPy);
    //Uzhi 2019  Mt = std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(VaqM_pr));
    Mt = std::sqrt( sqr(SumPx) + sqr(SumPy) + sqr(VaqM_pr) );  //Uzhi 2019
    ProjSumMt += Mt;
    tmp.setPz(1.-SumZ);
 
    ProjSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();  // QQmass=750 MeV
    tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
    aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<SumZ+(1.-SumZ)<<" (z-fraction)"<<G4endl;
      NuclNo=0;
    #endif
 
    // End of work with the projectile
 
    // Work with target nucleons 
 
    for(i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
    {
      nSeaPair = (*i)->GetSoftCollisionCount()-1;
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"nSeaPair of target N "<<nSeaPair<<G4endl
              <<"Target nucleon 4Mom "<<(*i)->Get4Momentum()<<G4endl;
      #endif
 
      SumPx = (*i)->Get4Momentum().px() * (-1.);
      SumPy = (*i)->Get4Momentum().py() * (-1.);
      SumZ  = 0.;
 
      NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks = 2*nSeaPair;
 
      Qmass=0;  
      for (G4int aSeaPair = 0; aSeaPair < nSeaPair; aSeaPair++)
      {
        aParton = (*i)->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
        #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
          G4cout<<"Sea quarks: "<<aSeaPair<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
        #endif
        aPtVector = GaussianPt(SigPt, aHugeValue);
        tmp.setPx(aPtVector.x()); tmp.setPy(aPtVector.y());
        SumPx += aPtVector.x();   SumPy += aPtVector.y();
        Mt=std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(Qmass));
        TargSumMt += Mt; 
 
        // Sampling of Z fraction
        tmp.setPz(SampleX(Xmin, NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks, 2*nSeaPair, aBeta)*(1.0-SumZ));
        SumZ += tmp.z();
        tmp.setPz((*i)->Get4Momentum().pz()*tmp.pz());
        NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks--;
        TargSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
        tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
        aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
 
        aParton = (*i)->GetNextAntiParton();   // for anti-quarks
        #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
          G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
          G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<SumZ<<G4endl;
        #endif
        aPtVector = GaussianPt(SigPt, aHugeValue);
        tmp.setPx(aPtVector.x()); tmp.setPy(aPtVector.y());
        SumPx += aPtVector.x();   SumPy += aPtVector.y();
        Mt=std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(Qmass));
        TargSumMt += Mt; 
 
        // Sampling of Z fraction
        tmp.setPz(SampleX(Xmin, NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks, 2*nSeaPair, aBeta)*(1.0-SumZ)); 
        SumZ += tmp.z();
        tmp.setPz((*i)->Get4Momentum().pz()*tmp.pz());
        NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks--;
        TargSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
        tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
        aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
        #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
          G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<" "<<SumZ<<G4endl;
        #endif
      } 
 
      // Valence quark
      aParton = (*i)->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"Val quark of Tr"<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
      #endif
      aPtVector = GaussianPt(SigPt, aHugeValue);
      tmp.setPx(aPtVector.x()); tmp.setPy(aPtVector.y());
      SumPx += aPtVector.x();   SumPy += aPtVector.y();
      Mt=std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(VqM_tr));
      TargSumMt += Mt; 
 
      // Sampling of Z fraction
      tmp.setPz(SampleX(Xmin, NumberOfUnsampledSeaQuarks, 2*nSeaPair, aBeta)*(1.0-SumZ)); 
      SumZ += tmp.z();
      tmp.setPz((*i)->Get4Momentum().pz()*tmp.pz());
      TargSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
      tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
      aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
 
      // Valence di-quark
      aParton = (*i)->GetNextAntiParton();   // for quarks
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
        G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<SumZ<<" (total z-sum) "<<G4endl;
      #endif
      tmp.setPx(-SumPx);                  tmp.setPy(-SumPy);
      //Uzhi 2019  Mt=std::sqrt(aPtVector.mag2()+sqr(VqqM_tr));
      Mt=std::sqrt( sqr(SumPx) + sqr(SumPy) + sqr(VqqM_tr) );  //Uzhi 2019   
      TargSumMt += Mt; 
 
      tmp.setPz((*i)->Get4Momentum().pz()*(1.0 - SumZ));
      TargSumMt2perX +=sqr(Mt)/tmp.pz();
      tmp.setE(sqr(Mt));
      aParton->Set4Momentum(tmp);
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"              "<<tmp<<" "<<1.0<<" "<<(*i)->Get4Momentum().pz()<<G4endl;
      #endif
 
    }   // End of for(i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
 
    if( ProjSumMt      + TargSumMt      > SqrtS ) {
      Success = false; continue;}
    if( std::sqrt(ProjSumMt2perX) + std::sqrt(TargSumMt2perX) > SqrtS ) {
      Success = false; continue;}
 
  } while( (!Success) &&
           attempt < maxNumberOfAttempts );  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
 
  if ( attempt >= maxNumberOfAttempts ) {
    return false;
  }
 
  //+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 
  G4double DecayMomentum2 = sqr(S) + sqr(ProjSumMt2perX) + sqr(TargSumMt2perX)
               - 2.0*S*ProjSumMt2perX - 2.0*S*TargSumMt2perX - 2.0*ProjSumMt2perX*TargSumMt2perX;
 
  G4double targetWminus=( S - ProjSumMt2perX + TargSumMt2perX + std::sqrt( DecayMomentum2 ))/2.0/SqrtS;
  G4double projectileWplus = SqrtS - TargSumMt2perX/targetWminus;
 
  G4LorentzVector Tmp(0.,0.,0.,0.);
  G4double z(0.);
 
  G4int nSeaPair = theProjectileSplitable->GetSoftCollisionCount()-1;
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Backward transformation ===================="<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"nSeaPair of proj "<<nSeaPair<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  for (G4int aSeaPair = 0; aSeaPair < nSeaPair; aSeaPair++)
  {
    aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Sea quarks: "<<aSeaPair<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
    #endif
    Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z();
 
    Tmp.setPz(projectileWplus*z/2.0 - Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus));
    Tmp.setE( projectileWplus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus)); 
    Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
    aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
 
    aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextAntiParton();          // for anti-quarks
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
      G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<G4endl;
    #endif
    Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
    Tmp.setPz(projectileWplus*z/2.0 - Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus));
    Tmp.setE( projectileWplus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus)); 
    Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
    aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<G4endl;
    #endif
  } 
 
  // For valence quark
  aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"Val quark of Pr"<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
  #endif
  Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
  Tmp.setPz(projectileWplus*z/2.0 - Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus));
  Tmp.setE( projectileWplus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus)); 
  Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
  aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
 
  // For valence di-quark
  aParton = theProjectileSplitable->GetNextAntiParton();
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
    G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<" (mass)"<<G4endl;
  #endif
  Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
  Tmp.setPz(projectileWplus*z/2.0 - Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus));
  Tmp.setE( projectileWplus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*projectileWplus)); 
  Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
  aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<" (mass)"<<G4endl;
    NuclNo=0;
  #endif
 
  // End of work with the projectile
 
  // Work with target nucleons 
  for(i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
  {
    nSeaPair = (*i)->GetSoftCollisionCount()-1;
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"nSeaPair of target and N# "<<nSeaPair<<" "<<NuclNo<<G4endl;
      NuclNo++;
    #endif
    for (G4int aSeaPair = 0; aSeaPair < nSeaPair; aSeaPair++)
    {
      aParton = (*i)->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"Sea quarks: "<<aSeaPair<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
      #endif
      Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
      Tmp.setPz(-targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus));
      Tmp.setE(  targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus)); 
      Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
      aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
 
      aParton = (*i)->GetNextAntiParton();   // for quarks
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
        G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<G4endl;
      #endif
      Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
      Tmp.setPz(-targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus));
      Tmp.setE(  targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus)); 
      Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
      aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<G4endl;
      #endif
    } 
 
    // Valence quark
 
    aParton = (*i)->GetNextParton();   // for quarks
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Val quark of Tr"<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName();
    #endif
    Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
    Tmp.setPz(-targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus));
    Tmp.setE(  targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus)); 
    Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
    aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
 
    // Valence di-quark
    aParton = (*i)->GetNextAntiParton();   // for quarks
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<" "<<aParton->GetDefinition()->GetParticleName()<<G4endl;
      G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<" (mass)"<<G4endl;
    #endif
    Tmp =aParton->Get4Momentum(); z=Tmp.z(); 
    Tmp.setPz(-targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus));
    Tmp.setE(  targetWminus*z/2.0 + Tmp.e()/(2.0*z*targetWminus)); 
    Tmp.transform( toLab );
 
    aParton->Set4Momentum(Tmp);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"              "<<Tmp<<" "<<Tmp.mag()<<" (mass)"<<G4endl;
      NuclNo++;
    #endif
  }   // End of for(i = theTargets.begin(); i != theTargets.end(); i++ )
 
  return true;
}
G4bool G4QGSParticipants::DeterminePartonMomenta() {…}
 
//======================================================
G4double G4QGSParticipants::
SampleX(G4double, G4int nSea, G4int, G4double aBeta)
{
  G4double Oalfa = 1./(alpha + 1.);
  G4double Obeta = 1./(aBeta + (alpha + 1.)*nSea + 1.);  // ?
 
  G4double Ksi1, Ksi2, r1, r2, r12;
  const G4int maxNumberOfLoops = 1000;
  G4int loopCounter = 0;
  do
  {
    Ksi1 = G4UniformRand(); r1 = G4Pow::GetInstance()->powA(Ksi1,Oalfa);
    Ksi2 = G4UniformRand(); r2 = G4Pow::GetInstance()->powA(Ksi2,Obeta); 
    r12=r1+r2;
  } while( ( r12 > 1.) &&
           ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops );  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
  if ( loopCounter >= maxNumberOfLoops ) {
    return 0.5;  // Just an acceptable value, without any physics consideration.
  }
 
  G4double result = r1/r12;
  return result;
} 
G4double G4QGSParticipants:: {…}
 
//======================================================
void G4QGSParticipants::CreateStrings()
{
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"CreateStrings() ..................."<<G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if ( ! theProjectileSplitable ) {
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"BAD situation: theProjectileSplitable is NULL ! Returning immediately"<<G4endl;
    #endif
    return;
  }
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout<<"theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus() "<<theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus()<<G4endl;
    G4LorentzVector str4Mom;
  #endif
 
  if( theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus() == 1 )  // The projectile has participated only in diffr. inter.
  {
    G4ThreeVector Position = theProjectileSplitable->GetPosition();
 
    G4PartonPair * aPair = new G4PartonPair(theProjectileSplitable->GetNextParton(), 
                                            theProjectileSplitable->GetNextAntiParton(),
                            G4PartonPair::DIFFRACTIVE, G4PartonPair::TARGET);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << "Pr. Diffr. String: Qs 4mom X " <<G4endl;
      G4cout << "              " << aPair->GetParton1()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
                 << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum() << " "
                 << aPair->GetParton1()->GetX()         << " " << G4endl;
      G4cout << "              " << aPair->GetParton2()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
                 << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum() << " "
                 << aPair->GetParton2()->GetX()         << " " << G4endl;
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum();
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum();
    #endif
 
    thePartonPairs.push_back(aPair);
  }
 
  G4int N_EnvTarg = NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget;
 
  for ( G4int i = 0; i < N_EnvTarg; i++ ) { 
    G4Nucleon* aTargetNucleon = TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[ i ];
 
    G4VSplitableHadron* HitTargetNucleon = aTargetNucleon->GetSplitableHadron();
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"Involved Nucleon # and its status "<<i<<" "<<HitTargetNucleon->GetStatus()<<G4endl;
    #endif    
    if( HitTargetNucleon->GetStatus() >= 1)  // Create diffractive string
    {
      G4ThreeVector Position     = HitTargetNucleon->GetPosition();
 
      G4PartonPair * aPair = new G4PartonPair(HitTargetNucleon->GetNextParton(), 
                                              HitTargetNucleon->GetNextAntiParton(),
                              G4PartonPair::DIFFRACTIVE, G4PartonPair::TARGET);
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout << "Tr. Diffr. String: Qs 4mom X " <<G4endl;
    G4cout << "Diffr. String " << aPair->GetParton1()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
                   << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum() << " "
                   << aPair->GetParton1()->GetX()         << " " << G4endl;
    G4cout << "              " << aPair->GetParton2()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
                   << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum() << " "
                   << aPair->GetParton2()->GetX()         << " " << G4endl;
 
    str4Mom += aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum();
    str4Mom += aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum();
      #endif
 
      thePartonPairs.push_back(aPair);
    }
  }
 
  //-----------------------------------------
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4int IntNo=0;    
    G4cout<<"Strings created in soft interactions"<<G4endl;
  #endif 
  std::vector<G4InteractionContent*>::iterator i;
  i = theInteractions.begin();
  while ( i != theInteractions.end() )  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
  {
    G4InteractionContent* anIniteraction = *i;
    G4PartonPair * aPair = NULL;
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout<<"An interaction # and soft coll. # "<<IntNo<<" "
            <<anIniteraction->GetNumberOfSoftCollisions()<<G4endl;
      IntNo++;
    #endif 
    if (anIniteraction->GetNumberOfSoftCollisions())
    {
      G4VSplitableHadron* pProjectile = anIniteraction->GetProjectile();
      G4VSplitableHadron* pTarget     = anIniteraction->GetTarget();
 
      for (G4int j = 0; j < anIniteraction->GetNumberOfSoftCollisions(); j++)
      {
        aPair = new G4PartonPair(pTarget->GetNextParton(), pProjectile->GetNextAntiParton(),
                 G4PartonPair::SOFT, G4PartonPair::TARGET);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << "SoftPair " << aPair->GetParton1()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      G4cout << "         " << aPair->GetParton2()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum() << " "
          <<aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum();
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum();
    #endif
 
    thePartonPairs.push_back(aPair);
 
    aPair = new G4PartonPair(pProjectile->GetNextParton(), pTarget->GetNextAntiParton(),
                 G4PartonPair::SOFT, G4PartonPair::PROJECTILE);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << "SoftPair " << aPair->GetParton1()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum() << " "
             << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
      G4cout << "         " << aPair->GetParton2()->GetPDGcode()   << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum().mag()<<G4endl;
    #endif
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum();
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum();
    #endif
 
    thePartonPairs.push_back(aPair);
      }
 
      delete *i;
      i=theInteractions.erase(i);    // i now points to the next interaction
    } 
    else 
    {
      i++;
    }
  }  // End of while ( i != theInteractions.end() ) 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << "Sum of strings 4 momenta " << str4Mom << G4endl<<G4endl;
  #endif
}
 
//============================================================================
 
void G4QGSParticipants::GetResiduals() {
  // This method is needed for the correct application of G4PrecompoundModelInterface
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << "GetResiduals(): GetProjectileNucleus()? " <<  GetProjectileNucleus() << G4endl;
  #endif
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << "NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget "<< NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget << G4endl;
  #endif
 
  G4double DeltaExcitationE = TargetResidualExcitationEnergy / G4double( NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget );
  G4LorentzVector DeltaPResidualNucleus = TargetResidual4Momentum /
                                          G4double( NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget );
 
  for ( G4int i = 0; i < NumberOfInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget; i++ ) {
    G4Nucleon* aNucleon = TheInvolvedNucleonsOfTarget[i];
 
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4VSplitableHadron* targetSplitable = aNucleon->GetSplitableHadron();
      G4cout << i << " Hit? " << aNucleon->AreYouHit() << " " << targetSplitable << G4endl;
      if ( targetSplitable ) G4cout << i << "Status " << targetSplitable->GetStatus() << G4endl;
    #endif
 
    G4LorentzVector tmp = -DeltaPResidualNucleus;
    aNucleon->SetMomentum( tmp );
    aNucleon->SetBindingEnergy( DeltaExcitationE );
  }
 
  //------------------------------------- 
  if( TargetResidualMassNumber != 0 )
  {
    G4ThreeVector bstToCM =TargetResidual4Momentum.findBoostToCM();
 
    G4V3DNucleus* theTargetNucleus = GetTargetNucleus();
    G4LorentzVector residualMomentum(0.,0.,0.,0.);
    G4Nucleon* aNucleon = 0;
    theTargetNucleus->StartLoop();
    while ( ( aNucleon = theTargetNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
      if ( !aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) { 
        G4LorentzVector tmp=aNucleon->Get4Momentum(); tmp.boost(bstToCM);
        aNucleon->SetMomentum(tmp);
        residualMomentum +=tmp;
      }
    }
 
    residualMomentum/=TargetResidualMassNumber;
 
    G4double Mass = TargetResidual4Momentum.mag();
    G4double SumMasses=0.;
  
    aNucleon = 0;
    theTargetNucleus->StartLoop();
    while ( ( aNucleon = theTargetNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
      if ( !aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) { 
        G4LorentzVector tmp=aNucleon->Get4Momentum() - residualMomentum;
        G4double E=std::sqrt(tmp.vect().mag2()+
                             sqr(aNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass()-aNucleon->GetBindingEnergy()));
        tmp.setE(E);  aNucleon->SetMomentum(tmp);
        SumMasses+=E;
      }
    }
 
    G4double Chigh=Mass/SumMasses; G4double Clow=0; G4double C;
    const G4int maxNumberOfLoops = 1000;
    G4int loopCounter = 0;
    do
    {
      C=(Chigh+Clow)/2.;
 
      SumMasses=0.;
      aNucleon = 0;
      theTargetNucleus->StartLoop();
      while ( ( aNucleon = theTargetNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
        if ( !aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) { 
          G4LorentzVector tmp=aNucleon->Get4Momentum();
          G4double E=std::sqrt(tmp.vect().mag2()*sqr(C)+
                               sqr(aNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass()-aNucleon->GetBindingEnergy()));
          SumMasses+=E;
        }
      }
 
      if(SumMasses > Mass) {Chigh=C;}
      else                 {Clow =C;}
 
    } while( (Chigh-Clow > 0.01) &&
             ++loopCounter < maxNumberOfLoops );  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
    if ( loopCounter >= maxNumberOfLoops ) {
      #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
        G4cout <<"BAD situation: forced loop exit!" << G4endl;
      #endif
      // Perhaps there is something to set here...
    } else {
      aNucleon = 0;
      theTargetNucleus->StartLoop();
      while ( ( aNucleon = theTargetNucleus->GetNextNucleon() ) ) {  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
        if ( !aNucleon->AreYouHit() ) { 
          G4LorentzVector tmp=aNucleon->Get4Momentum()*C;
          G4double E=std::sqrt(tmp.vect().mag2()+
                               sqr(aNucleon->GetDefinition()->GetPDGMass()-aNucleon->GetBindingEnergy()));
          tmp.setE(E); tmp.boost(-bstToCM);  
          aNucleon->SetMomentum(tmp);     
        }
      }
    }
 
  }  // End of if( TargetResidualMassNumber != 0 )
  //-------------------------------------
   
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << "End GetResiduals -----------------" << G4endl;
  #endif
 
}
 
 
//======================================================
void G4QGSParticipants::PerformSoftCollisions()  // It is not used
{
  std::vector<G4InteractionContent*>::iterator i;
  G4LorentzVector str4Mom;
  i = theInteractions.begin();
  while ( i != theInteractions.end() )  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
  {
    G4InteractionContent* anIniteraction = *i;
    G4PartonPair * aPair = NULL;
    if (anIniteraction->GetNumberOfSoftCollisions())
    {
      G4VSplitableHadron* pProjectile = anIniteraction->GetProjectile();
      G4VSplitableHadron* pTarget     = anIniteraction->GetTarget();
      for (G4int j = 0; j < anIniteraction->GetNumberOfSoftCollisions(); j++)
      {
        aPair = new G4PartonPair(pTarget->GetNextParton(), pProjectile->GetNextAntiParton(),
                 G4PartonPair::SOFT, G4PartonPair::TARGET);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << "SoftPair " << aPair->GetParton1()->GetPDGcode() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->GetX() << " " << G4endl;
      G4cout << "         " << aPair->GetParton2()->GetPDGcode() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->GetX() << " " << G4endl;
    #endif
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum();
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum();
    #endif
    thePartonPairs.push_back(aPair);
    aPair = new G4PartonPair(pProjectile->GetNextParton(), pTarget->GetNextAntiParton(),
                 G4PartonPair::SOFT, G4PartonPair::PROJECTILE);
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      G4cout << "SoftPair " << aPair->GetParton1()->GetPDGcode() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton1()->GetX() << " " << G4endl;
      G4cout << "         " << aPair->GetParton2()->GetPDGcode() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum() << " "
         << aPair->GetParton2()->GetX() << " " << G4endl;
    #endif
    #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton1()->Get4Momentum();
      str4Mom += aPair->GetParton2()->Get4Momentum();
    #endif
    thePartonPairs.push_back(aPair);
      }
      delete *i;
      i=theInteractions.erase(i);    // i now points to the next interaction
    } else {
      i++;
    }
  }
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << " string 4 mom " << str4Mom << G4endl;
  #endif
}
void G4QGSParticipants::PerformSoftCollisions()  // It is not used {…}
 
 
//************************************************
G4VSplitableHadron* G4QGSParticipants::SelectInteractions(const G4ReactionProduct  &thePrimary) 
{
  // Check reaction threshold  - goes to CheckThreshold
 
  theProjectileSplitable = new G4QGSMSplitableHadron(thePrimary, TRUE);
  theProjectileSplitable->SetStatus(1);
 
  G4LorentzVector aPrimaryMomentum(thePrimary.GetMomentum(), thePrimary.GetTotalEnergy());
  G4LorentzVector aTargetNMomentum(0.,0.,0.,938.);
 
  if ((!(aPrimaryMomentum.e()>-1)) && (!(aPrimaryMomentum.e()<1)) )
  {
    throw G4HadronicException(__FILE__, __LINE__,
                  "G4GammaParticipants::SelectInteractions: primary nan energy.");
  }
  G4double S = (aPrimaryMomentum + aTargetNMomentum).mag2();
  G4double ThresholdMass = thePrimary.GetMass() + 938.;
  ModelMode = SOFT;
 
  #ifdef debugQGSParticipants
    G4cout << "Gamma projectile - SelectInteractions " << G4endl;
    G4cout<<"Energy and Nucleus "<<thePrimary.GetTotalEnergy()<<" "<<theNucleus->GetMassNumber()<<G4endl;
    G4cout << "SqrtS ThresholdMass ModelMode " <<std::sqrt(S)<<" "<<ThresholdMass<<" "<<ModelMode<< G4endl;
  #endif
 
  if (sqr(ThresholdMass + ThresholdParameter) > S)
  {
    ModelMode = DIFFRACTIVE;
  }
  if (sqr(ThresholdMass + QGSMThreshold) > S) // thus only diffractive in cascade!
  {
    ModelMode = DIFFRACTIVE;
  }
 
  // first find the collisions HPW
  std::for_each(theInteractions.begin(), theInteractions.end(), DeleteInteractionContent());
  theInteractions.clear();
 
  G4int theCurrent = G4int(theNucleus->GetMassNumber()*G4UniformRand());
  G4int NucleonNo=0;
 
  theNucleus->StartLoop();
  G4Nucleon * pNucleon = 0;
 
  while( (pNucleon = theNucleus->GetNextNucleon()) )  /* Loop checking, 07.08.2015, A.Ribon */
  { if(NucleonNo == theCurrent) break; NucleonNo++; }
 
  if ( pNucleon ) {
    G4QGSMSplitableHadron* aTarget = new G4QGSMSplitableHadron(*pNucleon);
 
    pNucleon->Hit(aTarget);
 
    if ( (0.06 > G4UniformRand() &&(ModelMode==SOFT)) || (ModelMode==DIFFRACTIVE ) )
    {
      G4InteractionContent * aInteraction = new G4InteractionContent(theProjectileSplitable);
      theProjectileSplitable->SetStatus(1*theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus());
 
      aInteraction->SetTarget(aTarget);
      aInteraction->SetTargetNucleon(pNucleon);
      aTarget->SetCollisionCount(0);
      aTarget->SetStatus(1);
 
      aInteraction->SetNumberOfDiffractiveCollisions(1);
      aInteraction->SetNumberOfSoftCollisions(0);
      aInteraction->SetStatus(1);
 
      theInteractions.push_back(aInteraction);
    }
    else
    {
      // nondiffractive soft interaction occurs
      aTarget->IncrementCollisionCount(1);
      aTarget->SetStatus(0);
      theTargets.push_back(aTarget);
 
      theProjectileSplitable->IncrementCollisionCount(1);
      theProjectileSplitable->SetStatus(0*theProjectileSplitable->GetStatus());
 
      G4InteractionContent * aInteraction = new G4InteractionContent(theProjectileSplitable);
      aInteraction->SetTarget(aTarget);
      aInteraction->SetTargetNucleon(pNucleon);
      aInteraction->SetNumberOfSoftCollisions(1);
      aInteraction->SetStatus(3);
      theInteractions.push_back(aInteraction);
    }
  }
  return theProjectileSplitable;
}
G4VSplitableHadron* G4QGSParticipants::SelectInteractions(const G4ReactionProduct  &thePrimary)  {…}