G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS.cc

Go to the documentation of this file.

//
// ********************************************************************
// * License and Disclaimer                                           *
// *                                                                  *
// * The  Geant4 software  is  copyright of the Copyright Holders  of *
// * the Geant4 Collaboration.  It is provided  under  the terms  and *
// * conditions of the Geant4 Software License,  included in the file *
// * LICENSE and available at  http://cern.ch/geant4/license .  These *
// * include a list of copyright holders.                             *
// *                                                                  *
// * Neither the authors of this software system, nor their employing *
// * institutes,nor the agencies providing financial support for this *
// * work  make  any representation or  warranty, express or implied, *
// * regarding  this  software system or assume any liability for its *
// * use.  Please see the license in the file  LICENSE  and URL above *
// * for the full disclaimer and the limitation of liability.         *
// *                                                                  *
// * This  code  implementation is the result of  the  scientific and *
// * technical work of the GEANT4 collaboration.                      *
// * By using,  copying,  modifying or  distributing the software (or *
// * any work based  on the software)  you  agree  to acknowledge its *
// * use  in  resulting  scientific  publications,  and indicate your *
// * acceptance of all terms of the Geant4 Software license.          *
// ********************************************************************
//
//
// Author: Luciano Pandola
//
// History:
// --------
// 23 Nov 2010   L Pandola    First complete implementation
// 02 May 2011   L.Pandola    Remove dependency on CLHEP::HepMatrix
// 24 May 2011   L.Pandola    Renamed (make v2008 as default Penelope)
// 03 Oct 2013   L.Pandola    Migration to MT
// 30 Oct 2013   L.Pandola    Use G4Cache to avoid new/delete of the
//                             data vector on the fly in SampleGammaEnergy()
//
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
#include "G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS.hh"
#include "G4PhysicsFreeVector.hh"
#include "G4PhysicsTable.hh"
#include "G4Material.hh"
#include "Randomize.hh"
#include "G4AutoDelete.hh"
#include "G4Exp.hh"
#include "G4PhysicalConstants.hh"
#include "G4SystemOfUnits.hh"
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS(G4int verbosity) :
  fReducedXSTable(nullptr),fEffectiveZSq(nullptr),fSamplingTable(nullptr),
  fPBcut(nullptr),fVerbosity(verbosity)
{
  fCache.Put(0);
  G4double tempvector[fNBinsX] =
    {1.0e-12,0.025e0,0.05e0,0.075e0,0.1e0,0.15e0,0.2e0,0.25e0,
    0.3e0,0.35e0,0.4e0,0.45e0,0.5e0,0.55e0,0.6e0,0.65e0,0.7e0,
    0.75e0,0.8e0,0.85e0,0.9e0,0.925e0,0.95e0,0.97e0,0.99e0,
    0.995e0,0.999e0,0.9995e0,0.9999e0,0.99995e0,0.99999e0,1.0e0};
 
  for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    theXGrid[ix] = tempvector[ix];
 
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<fNBinsE;++i)
    theEGrid[i] = 0.;
 
  fElementData = new std::map<G4int,G4DataVector*>;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::~G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS()
{
  ClearTables();
 
  //The G4Physics*Vector pointers contained in the fCache are automatically deleted by
  //the G4AutoDelete so there is no need to take care of them manually
 
  //Clear manually fElementData
  if (fElementData)
    {
      for (auto& item : (*fElementData)) 
    delete item.second;
      delete fElementData;
      fElementData = nullptr;
    }
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo...
 
 
void G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::ClearTables(G4bool isMaster)
{
  //Just to check
  if (!isMaster)
    G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::ClearTables()",
        "em0100",FatalException,"Worker thread in this method");
 
  if (fReducedXSTable)
    {
      for (auto& item : (*fReducedXSTable))
    {
      G4PhysicsTable* tab = item.second;
      tab->clearAndDestroy();
      delete tab;
    }
      fReducedXSTable->clear();
      delete fReducedXSTable;
      fReducedXSTable = nullptr;
    }
 
  if (fSamplingTable)
    {
      for (auto& item : (*fSamplingTable))
    {
      G4PhysicsTable* tab = item.second;
      tab->clearAndDestroy();
          delete tab;
    }
      fSamplingTable->clear();
      delete fSamplingTable;
      fSamplingTable = nullptr;
    }
  if (fPBcut)
    {
      /*
    std::map< std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> ,G4PhysicsFreeVector*>::iterator kk;
    for (kk=fPBcut->begin(); kk != fPBcut->end(); kk++)
    delete kk->second;
      */
      delete fPBcut;
      fPBcut = nullptr;
    }
 
  if (fEffectiveZSq)
    {
      delete fEffectiveZSq;
      fEffectiveZSq = nullptr;
    }
 
 return;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
G4double G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetEffectiveZSquared(const G4Material* material) const
{
  if (!fEffectiveZSq)
    {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "The container for the <Z^2> values is not initialized" << G4endl;
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetEffectiveZSquared()",
          "em2007",FatalException,ed);
      return 0;
    }
  //found in the table: return it
  if (fEffectiveZSq->count(material))
    return fEffectiveZSq->find(material)->second;
  else
    {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "The value of  <Z^2> is not properly set for material " <<
    material->GetName() << G4endl;
      //requires running of BuildScaledXSTable()
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetEffectiveZSquared()",
          "em2008",FatalException,ed);
    }
  return 0;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
void G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::BuildScaledXSTable(const G4Material* material,
                            G4double cut,G4bool isMaster)
{
  //Corresponds to subroutines EBRaW and EBRaR of PENELOPE
  /*
    This method generates the table of the scaled energy-loss cross section from
    bremsstrahlung emission for the given material. Original data are read from
    file. The table is normalized according to the Berger-Seltzer cross section.
  */
 
  //Just to check
  if (!isMaster)
    G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::BuildScaledXSTable()",
        "em0100",FatalException,"Worker thread in this method");
 
  if (fVerbosity > 2)
    {
      G4cout << "Entering in G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::BuildScaledXSTable for " <<
    material->GetName() << G4endl;
      G4cout << "Threshold = " << cut/keV << " keV, isMaster= " << isMaster <<
    G4endl;
    }
 
  //This method should be accessed by the master only
  if (!fSamplingTable)
    fSamplingTable =
      new std::map< std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> , G4PhysicsTable*>;
  if (!fPBcut)
    fPBcut =
      new std::map< std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> , G4PhysicsFreeVector* >;
 
  //check if the container exists (if not, create it)
  if (!fReducedXSTable)
    fReducedXSTable = new std::map< std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> ,
    G4PhysicsTable*>;
  if (!fEffectiveZSq)
    fEffectiveZSq = new std::map<const G4Material*,G4double>;
 
  //*********************************************************************
  //Determine the equivalent atomic number <Z^2>
  //*********************************************************************
  std::vector<G4double> *StechiometricFactors = new std::vector<G4double>;
  std::size_t nElements = material->GetNumberOfElements();
  const G4ElementVector* elementVector = material->GetElementVector();
  const G4double* fractionVector = material->GetFractionVector();
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<nElements;i++)
    {
      G4double fraction = fractionVector[i];
      G4double atomicWeigth = (*elementVector)[i]->GetA()/(g/mole);
      StechiometricFactors->push_back(fraction/atomicWeigth);
    }
  //Find max
  G4double MaxStechiometricFactor = 0.;
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<nElements;i++)
    {
      if ((*StechiometricFactors)[i] > MaxStechiometricFactor)
        MaxStechiometricFactor = (*StechiometricFactors)[i];
    }
  //Normalize
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<nElements;i++)
    (*StechiometricFactors)[i] /=  MaxStechiometricFactor;
 
  G4double sumz2 = 0;
  G4double sums = 0;
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<nElements;i++)
    {
      G4double Z = (*elementVector)[i]->GetZ();
      sumz2 += (*StechiometricFactors)[i]*Z*Z;
      sums  += (*StechiometricFactors)[i];
    }
  G4double ZBR2 = sumz2/sums;
 
  fEffectiveZSq->insert(std::make_pair(material,ZBR2));
 
  //*********************************************************************
  // loop on elements and read data files
  //*********************************************************************
  G4DataVector* tempData = new G4DataVector(fNBinsE);
  G4DataVector* tempMatrix = new G4DataVector(fNBinsE*fNBinsX,0.);
 
  for (std::size_t iel=0;iel<nElements;iel++)
    {
      G4double Z = (*elementVector)[iel]->GetZ();
      G4int iZ = (G4int) Z;
      G4double wgt = (*StechiometricFactors)[iel]*Z*Z/ZBR2;
     
      //the element is not already loaded
      if (!fElementData->count(iZ))
    {
      ReadDataFile(iZ);
      if (!fElementData->count(iZ))
        {
          G4ExceptionDescription ed;
          ed << "Error in G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::BuildScaledXSTable" << G4endl;
          ed << "Unable to retrieve data for element " << iZ << G4endl;
          G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::BuildScaledXSTable()",
              "em2009",FatalException,ed);
        }
    }
 
      G4DataVector* atomData = fElementData->find(iZ)->second;
 
      for (std::size_t ie=0;ie<fNBinsE;++ie)
    {
      (*tempData)[ie] += wgt*(*atomData)[ie*(fNBinsX+1)+fNBinsX]; //last column contains total XS
      for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
        (*tempMatrix)[ie*fNBinsX+ix] += wgt*(*atomData)[ie*(fNBinsX+1)+ix];
    }
    }
 
  //*********************************************************************
  // the total energy loss spectrum is re-normalized to reproduce the total
  // scaled cross section of Berger and Seltzer
  //*********************************************************************
  for (std::size_t ie=0;ie<fNBinsE;++ie)
    {
      //for each energy, calculate integral of dSigma/dx over dx
      G4double* tempData2 = new G4double[fNBinsX];
      for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    tempData2[ix] = (*tempMatrix)[ie*fNBinsX+ix];
      G4double rsum = GetMomentumIntegral(tempData2,1.0,0);
      delete[] tempData2;
      G4double fact = millibarn*(theEGrid[ie]+electron_mass_c2)*(1./fine_structure_const)/
    (classic_electr_radius*classic_electr_radius*(theEGrid[ie]+2.0*electron_mass_c2));
      G4double fnorm = (*tempData)[ie]/(rsum*fact);
      G4double TST = 100.*std::fabs(fnorm-1.0);
      if (TST > 1.0)
    {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS. Corrupted data files?" << G4endl;
      G4cout << "TST= " << TST << "; fnorm = " << fnorm << G4endl;
      G4cout << "rsum = " << rsum << G4endl;
      G4cout << "fact = " << fact << G4endl;
      G4cout << ie << " " << theEGrid[ie]/keV << " " << (*tempData)[ie]/barn << G4endl;
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::BuildScaledXSTable()",
              "em2010",FatalException,ed);
    }
      for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    (*tempMatrix)[ie*fNBinsX+ix] *= fnorm;
    }
 
  //*********************************************************************
  // create and fill the tables
  //*********************************************************************
  G4PhysicsTable* thePhysicsTable = new G4PhysicsTable();
  // the table will contain 32 G4PhysicsFreeVectors with different
  // values of x. Each of the G4PhysicsFreeVectors has a profile of
  // log(XS) vs. log(E)
 
  //reserve space of the vectors. Everything is log-log
  //I add one extra "fake" point at low energy, since the Penelope
  //table starts at 1 keV
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<fNBinsX;++i)
    thePhysicsTable->push_back(new G4PhysicsFreeVector(fNBinsE+1));
 
  for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    {
      G4PhysicsFreeVector* theVec =
    (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) ((*thePhysicsTable)[ix]);
      for (std::size_t ie=0;ie<fNBinsE;++ie)
    {
      G4double logene = G4Log(theEGrid[ie]);
      G4double aValue = (*tempMatrix)[ie*fNBinsX+ix];
      if (aValue < 1e-20*millibarn) //protection against log(0)
        aValue = 1e-20*millibarn;
      theVec->PutValues(ie+1,logene,G4Log(aValue));
    }
      //Add fake point at 1 eV using an extrapolation with the derivative
      //at the first valid point (Penelope approach)
      G4double derivative = ((*theVec)[2]-(*theVec)[1])/(theVec->Energy(2) - theVec->Energy(1));
      G4double log1eV = G4Log(1*eV);
      G4double val1eV = (*theVec)[1]+derivative*(log1eV-theVec->Energy(1));
      //fake point at very low energy
      theVec->PutValues(0,log1eV,val1eV);
    }
  std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> theKey = std::make_pair(material,cut);
  fReducedXSTable->insert(std::make_pair(theKey,thePhysicsTable));
 
  delete StechiometricFactors;
  delete tempData;
  delete tempMatrix;
 
  //Do here also the initialization of the energy sampling
  if (!(fSamplingTable->count(theKey)))
    InitializeEnergySampling(material,cut);
 
  return;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
void G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::ReadDataFile(G4int Z)
{
  const char* path = G4FindDataDir("G4LEDATA");
  if (!path)
    {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS - G4LEDATA environment variable not set!";
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::ReadDataFile()",
          "em0006",FatalException,excep);
      return;
    }
  /*
    Read the cross section file
  */
  std::ostringstream ost;
  if (Z>9)
    ost << path << "/penelope/bremsstrahlung/pdebr" << Z << ".p08";
  else
    ost << path << "/penelope/bremsstrahlung/pdebr0" << Z << ".p08";
  std::ifstream file(ost.str().c_str());
  if (!file.is_open())
    {
      G4String excep = "G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS - data file " +
    G4String(ost.str()) + " not found!";
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::ReadDataFile()",
          "em0003",FatalException,excep);
      return;
    }
 
  G4int readZ =0;
  file >> readZ;
 
  //check the right file is opened.
  if (readZ != Z)
    {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "Corrupted data file for Z=" << Z << G4endl;
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::ReadDataFile()",
          "em0005",FatalException,ed);
      return;
    }
 
  G4DataVector* theMatrix = new G4DataVector(fNBinsE*(fNBinsX+1),0.); //initialized with zeros
 
  for (std::size_t ie=0;ie<fNBinsE;++ie)
    {
      G4double myDouble = 0;
      file >> myDouble; //energy (eV)
      if (!theEGrid[ie]) //fill only the first time
    theEGrid[ie] = myDouble*eV;
      //
      for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    {
      file >> myDouble;
      (*theMatrix)[ie*(fNBinsX+1)+ix] = myDouble*millibarn;
    }
      file >> myDouble; //total cross section
      (*theMatrix)[ie*(fNBinsX+1)+fNBinsX] = myDouble*millibarn;
    }
 
  if (fElementData)
    fElementData->insert(std::make_pair(Z,theMatrix));
  else
    delete theMatrix;
  file.close();
  return;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
G4double G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetMomentumIntegral(G4double* y,
                               G4double xup,G4int momOrder) const
//x is always the gridX
{
  //Corresponds to the function RLMOM of Penelope
  //This method performs the calculation of the integral of (x^momOrder)*y over the interval
  //from x[0] to xup, obtained by linear interpolation on a table of y.
  //The independent variable is assumed to take positive values only.
  //
  std::size_t size = fNBinsX;
  const G4double eps = 1e-35;
 
  //Check that the call is valid
  if (momOrder<-1 || size<2 || theXGrid[0]<0)
    {
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetMomentumIntegral()",
          "em2011",FatalException,"Invalid call");
    }
 
  for (std::size_t i=1;i<size;++i)
    {
      if (theXGrid[i]<0 || theXGrid[i]<theXGrid[i-1])
    {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "Invalid call for bin " << i << G4endl;
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetMomentumIntegral()",
          "em2012",FatalException,ed);
    }
    }
 
  //Compute the integral
  G4double result = 0;
  if (xup < theXGrid[0])
    return result;
  G4bool loopAgain = true;
  G4double xt = std::min(xup,theXGrid[size-1]);
  G4double xtc = 0;
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<size-1;++i)
    {
      G4double x1 = std::max(theXGrid[i],eps);
      G4double y1 = y[i];
      G4double x2 = std::max(theXGrid[i+1],eps);
      G4double y2 = y[i+1];
      if (xt < x2)
    {
      xtc = xt;
      loopAgain = false;
    }
      else
    xtc = x2;
      G4double dx = x2-x1;
      G4double dy = y2-y1;
      G4double ds = 0;
      if (std::fabs(dx)>1e-14*std::fabs(dy))
    {
      G4double b=dy/dx;
      G4double a=y1-b*x1;
      if (momOrder == -1)
        ds = a*G4Log(xtc/x1)+b*(xtc-x1);
      else if (momOrder == 0) //speed it up, not using pow()
        ds = a*(xtc-x1) + 0.5*b*(xtc*xtc-x1*x1);
      else
        ds = a*(std::pow(xtc,momOrder+1)-std::pow(x1,momOrder+1))/((G4double) (momOrder + 1))
          + b*(std::pow(xtc,momOrder+2)-std::pow(x1,momOrder+2))/((G4double) (momOrder + 2));
    }
      else
    ds = 0.5*(y1+y2)*(xtc-x1)*std::pow(xtc,momOrder);
      result += ds;
      if (!loopAgain)
    return result;
    }
  return result;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
const G4PhysicsTable* G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetScaledXSTable(const G4Material* mat,
                                   const G4double cut) const
{
  //check if it already contains the entry
  std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> theKey = std::make_pair(mat,cut);
 
  if (!(fReducedXSTable->count(theKey)))
    {
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::GetScaledXSTable()",
          "em2013",FatalException,"Unable to retrieve the cross section table");
    }
 
  return fReducedXSTable->find(theKey)->second;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
void G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::InitializeEnergySampling(const G4Material* material,
                                G4double cut)
{
  if (fVerbosity > 2)
    G4cout << "Entering in G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::InitializeEnergySampling() for " <<
      material->GetName() << G4endl;
 
  //This method should be accessed by the master only
  std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> theKey = std::make_pair(material,cut);
 
  G4PhysicsTable* thePhysicsTable = new G4PhysicsTable();
  // the table will contain 57 G4PhysicsFreeVectors with different
  // values of E.
  G4PhysicsFreeVector* thePBvec = new G4PhysicsFreeVector(fNBinsE);
 
  //I reserve space of the vectors.
  for (std::size_t i=0;i<fNBinsE;++i)
    thePhysicsTable->push_back(new G4PhysicsFreeVector(fNBinsX));
 
  //Retrieve the table. Must already exist at this point, because this
  //method is invoked by GetScaledXSTable()
  if (!(fReducedXSTable->count(theKey)))
    G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::InitializeEnergySampling()",
        "em2013",FatalException,"Unable to retrieve the cross section table");
  G4PhysicsTable* theTableReduced = fReducedXSTable->find(theKey)->second;
 
  for (std::size_t ie=0;ie<fNBinsE;++ie)
    {
      G4PhysicsFreeVector* theVec =
    (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) ((*thePhysicsTable)[ie]);
      //Fill the table
      G4double value = 0; //first value
      theVec->PutValues(0,theXGrid[0],value);
      for (std::size_t ix=1;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    {
      //Here calculate the cumulative distribution
      // int_{0}^{x} dSigma(x',E)/dx' (1/x') dx'
      G4PhysicsFreeVector* v1 = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableReduced)[ix-1];
      G4PhysicsFreeVector* v2 = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableReduced)[ix];
 
      G4double x1=std::max(theXGrid[ix-1],1.0e-35);
      //Remember: the table fReducedXSTable has a fake first point in energy
      //so, it contains one more bin than fNBinsE.
      G4double y1=G4Exp((*v1)[ie+1]);
      G4double x2=std::max(theXGrid[ix],1.0e-35);
      G4double y2=G4Exp((*v2)[ie+1]);
      G4double B = (y2-y1)/(x2-x1);
      G4double A = y1-B*x1;
      G4double dS = A*G4Log(x2/x1)+B*(x2-x1);
      value += dS;
      theVec->PutValues(ix,theXGrid[ix],value);
    }
      //fill the PB vector
      G4double xc = cut/theEGrid[ie];
      //Fill a temp data vector
      G4double* tempData = new G4double[fNBinsX];
      for (std::size_t ix=0;ix<fNBinsX;++ix)
    {
      G4PhysicsFreeVector* vv = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableReduced)[ix];
      tempData[ix] = G4Exp((*vv)[ie+1]);
    }
      G4double pbval = (xc<=1) ?
    GetMomentumIntegral(tempData,xc,-1) :
    GetMomentumIntegral(tempData,1.0,-1);
      thePBvec->PutValues(ie,theEGrid[ie],pbval);
      delete[] tempData;
    }
 
  fSamplingTable->insert(std::make_pair(theKey,thePhysicsTable));
  fPBcut->insert(std::make_pair(theKey,thePBvec));
  return;
}
 
//....oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo........oooOO0OOooo....
 
G4double G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::SampleGammaEnergy(G4double energy,const G4Material* mat,
                                 const G4double cut) const
{
  std::pair<const G4Material*,G4double> theKey = std::make_pair(mat,cut);
  if (!(fSamplingTable->count(theKey)) || !(fPBcut->count(theKey)))
    {
      G4ExceptionDescription ed;
      ed << "Unable to retrieve the SamplingTable: " <<
    fSamplingTable->count(theKey) << " " <<
    fPBcut->count(theKey) << G4endl;
      G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::SampleGammaEnergy()",
          "em2014",FatalException,ed);
    }
  const G4PhysicsTable* theTableInte = fSamplingTable->find(theKey)->second;
  const G4PhysicsTable* theTableRed = fReducedXSTable->find(theKey)->second;
 
  //Find the energy bin using bi-partition
  std::size_t eBin = 0;
  G4bool firstOrLastBin = false;
 
  if (energy < theEGrid[0]) //below first bin
    {
      eBin = 0;
      firstOrLastBin = true;
    }
  else if (energy > theEGrid[fNBinsE-1]) //after last bin
    {
      eBin = fNBinsE-1;
      firstOrLastBin = true;
    }
  else
    {
      std::size_t i=0;
      std::size_t j=fNBinsE-1;
      while ((j-i)>1)
    {
      std::size_t k = (i+j)/2;
      if (energy > theEGrid[k])
        i = k;
      else
        j = k;
    }
      eBin = i;
    }
 
  //Get the appropriate physics vector
  const G4PhysicsFreeVector* theVec1 = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableInte)[eBin];
 
  //Use a "temporary" vector which contains the linear interpolation of the x spectra
  //in energy. The temporary vector is thread-local, so that there is no conflict.
  //This is achieved via G4Cache. The theTempVect is allocated only once per thread
  //(member variable), but it is overwritten at every call of this method
  //(because the interpolation factors change!)
  G4PhysicsFreeVector* theTempVec = fCache.Get();
  if (!theTempVec) //First time this thread gets the cache
    {
      theTempVec = new G4PhysicsFreeVector(fNBinsX);   
      fCache.Put(theTempVec);
      // The G4AutoDelete takes care here to clean up the vectors
      G4AutoDelete::Register(theTempVec);
      if (fVerbosity > 4)
    G4cout << "Creating new instance of G4PhysicsFreeVector() on the worker" << G4endl;
    }
 
  //theTempVect is allocated only once (member variable), but it is overwritten at
  //every call of this method (because the interpolation factors change!)
  if (!firstOrLastBin)
    {
      const G4PhysicsFreeVector* theVec2 = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableInte)[eBin+1];
      for (std::size_t iloop=0;iloop<fNBinsX;++iloop)
    {
      G4double val = (*theVec1)[iloop]+(((*theVec2)[iloop]-(*theVec1)[iloop]))*
        (energy-theEGrid[eBin])/(theEGrid[eBin+1]-theEGrid[eBin]);
      theTempVec->PutValues(iloop,theXGrid[iloop],val);
    }
    }
  else //first or last bin, no interpolation
    {
      for (std::size_t iloop=0;iloop<fNBinsX;++iloop)
    theTempVec->PutValues(iloop,theXGrid[iloop],(*theVec1)[iloop]);
    }
 
  //Start the game
  G4double pbcut = (*(fPBcut->find(theKey)->second))[eBin];
 
  if (!firstOrLastBin) //linear interpolation on pbcut as well
    {
      pbcut = (*(fPBcut->find(theKey)->second))[eBin] +
    ((*(fPBcut->find(theKey)->second))[eBin+1]-(*(fPBcut->find(theKey)->second))[eBin])*
    (energy-theEGrid[eBin])/(theEGrid[eBin+1]-theEGrid[eBin]);
    }
 
  G4double pCumulative = (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1]; //last value
 
  G4double eGamma = 0;
  G4int nIterations = 0;
  do
    {
      G4double pt = pbcut + G4UniformRand()*(pCumulative - pbcut);
      nIterations++;
 
      //find where it is
      std::size_t ibin = 0;
      if (pt < (*theTempVec)[0])
    ibin = 0;
      else if (pt > (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1])
    {
      //We observed problems due to numerical rounding here (STT).
      //delta here is a tiny positive number
      G4double delta = pt-(*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1];
      if (delta < pt*1e-10) // very small! Numerical rounding only
        {
          ibin = fNBinsX-2;
          G4ExceptionDescription ed;
          ed << "Found that (pt > (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1]) with pt = " << pt <<
        " , (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1] = " << (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1] << " and delta = " <<
        (pt-(*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1]) << G4endl;
          ed << "Possible symptom of problem with numerical precision" << G4endl;
          G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::SampleGammaEnergy()",
              "em2015",JustWarning,ed);
        }
      else //real problem
        {
          G4ExceptionDescription ed;
          ed << "Crash at (pt > (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1]) with pt = " << pt <<
        " , (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1]=" << (*theTempVec)[fNBinsX-1] << " and fNBinsX = " <<
        fNBinsX << G4endl;
          ed << "Material: " << mat->GetName() << ", energy = " << energy/keV << " keV" <<
        G4endl;
          G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::SampleGammaEnergy()",
              "em2015",FatalException,ed);
        }
    }
      else
    {
      std::size_t i=0;
      std::size_t j=fNBinsX-1;
      while ((j-i)>1)
        {
          std::size_t k = (i+j)/2;
          if (pt > (*theTempVec)[k])
        i = k;
          else
        j = k;
        }
      ibin = i;
    }
 
      G4double w1 = theXGrid[ibin];
      G4double w2 = theXGrid[ibin+1];
 
      const G4PhysicsFreeVector* v1 = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableRed)[ibin];
      const G4PhysicsFreeVector* v2 = (G4PhysicsFreeVector*) (*theTableRed)[ibin+1];
      //Remember: the table fReducedXSTable has a fake first point in energy
      //so, it contains one more bin than fNBinsE.
      G4double pdf1 = G4Exp((*v1)[eBin+1]);
      G4double pdf2 = G4Exp((*v2)[eBin+1]);
      G4double deltaW = w2-w1;
      G4double dpdfb = pdf2-pdf1;
      G4double B = dpdfb/deltaW;
      G4double A = pdf1-B*w1;
      //I already made an interpolation in energy, so I can use the actual value for the
      //calculation of the wbcut, instead of the grid values (except for the last bin)
      G4double wbcut  = (cut < energy) ? cut/energy : 1.0;
      if (firstOrLastBin) //this is an particular case: no interpolation available
    wbcut  = (cut < theEGrid[eBin]) ? cut/theEGrid[eBin] : 1.0;
 
      if (w1 < wbcut)
    w1 = wbcut;
      if (w2 < w1)
    {
      //This configuration can happen if initially wbcut > w2 > w1. Due to the previous
      //statement, (w1 = wbcut), it becomes wbcut = w1 > w2. In this case, it is not a
      //real problem. It becomes a problem if w2 < w1 before the w1 = wbcut statement. Issue
      //a warning only in this specific case.
      if (w2 > wbcut)
        {
          G4ExceptionDescription ed;
          ed << "Warning in G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::SampleX()" << G4endl;
          ed << "Conflicting end-point values: w1=" << w1 << "; w2 = " << w2 << G4endl;
          ed << "wbcut = " << wbcut << " energy= " << energy/keV << " keV" << G4endl;
          ed << "cut = " << cut/keV << " keV" << G4endl;
          G4Exception("G4PenelopeBremsstrahlungFS::SampleGammaEnergy()","em2015",
              JustWarning,ed);
        }
      return w1*energy;
    }
 
      G4double pmax = std::max(A+B*w1,A+B*w2);
      G4bool loopAgain = false;
      do
    {
      loopAgain = false;
      eGamma = w1* std::pow((w2/w1),G4UniformRand());
      if  (G4UniformRand()*pmax > (A+B*eGamma))
        loopAgain = true;
    }while(loopAgain);
      eGamma *= energy;
      if (nIterations > 100) //protection against infinite loops
    return eGamma;
    }while(eGamma < cut); //repeat if sampled sub-cut!
 
  return eGamma;
}